Chapter 18

1. Chapter 18 The Progressive Movement

2. How did reformers of the past make changes that impact our lives today?

3. I. The Roots of Progressivism • The Rise of Progressivism • Who were the progressives • Had many different views to correct problems in society • Believed that industrialization and urbanization caused problems • Agreed government should take a bigger role in trying to solve the problems

4. Beginnings of Progressivism • Reaction to laissez-faire economics • Progressives did not feel the free-market could address the problems of the working class • Government had to be fixed first • Strong faith in science and technology Pragmatism Social Gospel

5. Who were the progressives and what did they want to do?

6. The Muckrakers • Journalists that investigated social conditions • Got the name muckrakers from President T. Roosevelt: “Now it is very necessary that we should not flinch from seeing what is vile and debasing. There is filth on the floor and it must be scraped up with the muck-rack; and there are times and places where this service is the most needed of all the services that can be performed….” ~Washington, D.C., April 14, 1906

7. Ida Tarbell exposed the Standard Oil Company in a series of articles for McClure’s Magazine • Charles Edward Russell attacked the beef industry in Everybody’s Magazine • Jacob Riis wrote about living conditions and poverty in How the Other Half Lives • Upton Sinclair's The Jungle • the Jungle Excerpt http://www.explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=12&chapter=4&page=2 http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=Charles+Edward+Russell

8. When are “muckrakers” beneficial to society? • Identify what you would consider present day “muckrakers” and discuss the topics they explore.

9. Why is it important to have an efficient government? • Identify recent events to support your answer.

10. Making Government Efficient • Some progressives felt government should be run like a business – scientific management • Frederick Taylor: The Principles of Scientific Management • Commission Plan: the government would be divided into departments run by experts American Government

11. Democracy and Progressivism • “Laboratory of Democracy” • Robert La Follette, Governor of Wisconsin • Pushed for direct primary • Three New Reforms • Initiative- petition • Referendum- question by leg. • Recall- removal vote • Direct election of Senators • 17th Amendment-1913 http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=clip+art+%2B+elections

12. The progressives wanted to make the government more efficient – what would make the government more efficient today?

13. The Suffrage Movement • Suffrage – is the right to vote • Early Problems • Weak – concentration on equal rights for blacks and whites • Two separate organizations • National Woman Suffrage Association – Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony – wanted constitutional amendment • American Woman Suffrage Association – Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe – wanted to change state law

14. http://z.about.com/d/womenshistory/1/0/y/A/opposed_suffrage.jpghttp://z.about.com/d/womenshistory/1/0/y/A/opposed_suffrage.jpg

15. 3. The Movement Builds Support • 1890 – unite – National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • No significant gains until 1910 • States start changing laws – 1912 • Alice Paul – Quaker, Washington march • Carrie Chapman Catt – “Winning Plan” – supported Wilson for president 4. 19th Amendment • 1920 – women gain the right to vote Mary poppins

16. Social Welfare Progressivism • The Campaign Against Child Labor • 1.7 million children under 16 worked outside the home • National Child Labor Committee – abolish child labor • John Spargo – muckraker – told about coal mines http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/hughestown2.jpg

17. Poor working conditions • Triangle Shirtwaist Company – 150 died in fire 3/25/1911 • Building codes for fire hazards • Fire doors, escape ladders, fire ladders • Compensation laws 2. Health and Safety Codes http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/images1/mar25_triangle_fire.jpg

18. Prohibition • Alcohol was responsible for many problems • Effects of drinking on the family • Many Christians opposed it • Temperance Movement – elimination of alcohol • Women’s Christian Temperance Union

19. http://www.seattlest.com/attachments/seattle_courtney/abe-prohibition-poster.jpghttp://www.seattlest.com/attachments/seattle_courtney/abe-prohibition-poster.jpg

20. There has been a law enacted in New York City to prohibit the use of Trans fats in any foods – do you think it would be possible to pass a prohibition law again?

21. Progressives vs. Big Business • Regulation • Wealth in the hands of too few people • Socialism – Eugene Debs – 1 million votes for the socialist party for president in 1912

22. White House Reformers

23. Theodore Roosevelt • Square Deal • “Every individual is entitled to no more or no less”

24. The Trustbuster • Northern Securities- 1904 • Supreme Court ruled that the company was a monopoly and had to be broken up. • Expedition Act- gave anti-trust suits precedent in federal courts • Department of Commerce and Labor- investigate interstate commerce

25. Coal Strike of 1902 • Eastern Pennsylvania- 150,000 miners • Terrible Conditions: low wages, layoffs, cheap living situations • John Mitchell- rep. of UMWA –asked for 3rd party arbitration • TR called both parties together in Oct. using the power of presidency and influence resolved issue b/c it is the best for nation

26. TR the Conservationists • Newlands Act 1902- irrigation to dry states • Tripled land set aside for national parks • Gathered States for a National Conservation Commission

27. William Howard Taft • Wanted to lower tariffs, lower cost of living. • Payne-Aldrich Tariff- ended up with high taxes on some items, but presidential power to investigate rates • Taft signed because party was starting to split “Old Guard” vs. “Insurgents” • Taft did what he could to keep the party together

28. Ballinger- Pinchot Affair • Secretary of Interior- Ballinger opened conservation land for private purchase. • Pinchot chief forester accused Ballinger of Fraud. • Taft sided with Ballinger and had Pinchot fired for insubordination. • Ballinger was found innocent but Taft was seen as anti-conservation

29. Siding with “Uncle Joe” • Joe Cannon-speaker of the House used his power to control the Congress and run it the way he wanted. • Cannon was conservative and didn’t put through many progressive bills and conservation laws. • “Insurgents” wanted to take Cannon out, they were able to take away much of his power but Taft stuck by him, weakening his support

30. Taft did some good! • Busted more trusts that TR • Created a Federal budget and investigated tariffs • 16th Amendment- collect income taxes • 17th Amendment- Direct election of Senators

31. Progressive Party- New Nationalism • TR was disgusted with Taft’s display in office • He decided to throw his hat in with a new platform • TR called for a more active role by states to change laws and help people. • Inheritance tax- pay for being left money • Bull Moose Party- “ I am as strong as a bull moose” • New Nationalism • As we read the speech we will underline the places where Roosevelt talks about the benefits or good aspects of business, and circle the places where Roosevelt talks about the problems with trusts in America.

32. Wilson Wins!1912 New Freedom • Due to the split in the Rep. Party and a socialists surge. The Dems. Walked away with a small victory • First act as pres. Reduce tariffs for a stronger US • Underwood Tariff- equal tax on foreign and domestic goods. Gov. main source of money income tax

33. 1908 bank crisis led to change • Aldrich Commission had to find a way to fix banking in America 1.Not enough money in banks in time of crisis 2.There was no flexibility in backing, can not just put more money in circulation 3.No central control of banks 4.Too much money center in NYC

34. Federal Reserve Act • 12 Federal Reserve Banks • “Bank for Bankers” • Funds to move money • Privately owned but elected by member banks • Federal Reserve Board- appointed by the President in DC

36. Federal Reserve Notes could be used for cash • The Fed could then print money based on the notes issued, once paid off money is retired • Raising rates discredits spending where as lowering encourages

37. Federal Trade Commission • Investigate and regulate business practices • Clayton Anti-Trust Act- could not price cut to run out other businesses. • Tying of contracts, business could trade freely. • Incorporate investment- part owner in rival business • Interlocking directorates- could not be a director on business and bank • Helped protect unions no more injunctions on peaceful demonstrations.

38. Legislation at Home • Federal Farm Loan Banks- loans to farmers using gov. money • Federal Highways Act- road construction to help farmers get goods to market. • Keating-Owen Child labor- under 14 no job for interstate commerce goods • Adamson Act- 8 hour work day for railroads

39. Bad side of Wilson • Segregated D.C.- brought Jim Crow to the capitol • At first opposed women’s rights

40. In the end what changes were made? • Ok now that the chapter is over let’s look back. • How did the Presidents help in: • Working Conditions • Safety and health • Women • Business • Tariffs Was this truly a Progressive Era?

41. Reforms of the Era • You will divide up into 9 groups • Each group will research a reform of the time and create a poster answering the following questions • 1. What was the problem that needed reform? • 2. What specific people and actions brought about this reform? • 3. How did this reform movement changed America? • This is your REVIEW FOR THE TEST!