Chapter 10 Applications of Nanotechnology: Biology & Nanotechnology

1. Chapter 10Applications of Nanotechnology:Biology & Nanotechnology NANO 101 Introduction to Nanotechnology

2. Overview • Much biology is mediated in the 1-100 nm range • Structures and sizes • Inspiration for Self Assembly and Molecular Machine concepts

3. Nanotech and Biology BioNanotechnology: • use of biology (biological molecules) in nanotech • use of biology as a model for a nanotechnology system • Ex. DNA computing Nanobiotechnology: • use of nanostructures to enhance biology or biotech • use of nanotechnology for creating or improving biotech systems or processes • Ex. Lab-on-a-chip assays

4. Lab on a Chip • Combining all lab functions in one device • Soft lithography PDMS casting Source: Nature Video 4

5. Lab on a Chip: Research

6. Lab on a Chip: Diagnosis

7. How Biology “Feels” on the Nanoscale • Hydro environments v. carbon-based life • What are these tiny species in a cell? • Sugars (carbohydrates) • Fatty acids (lipids) • Nucleotides (DNA) • Amino Acids (proteins)

8. Carbohydrates Roles: • Mechanical support (large carbohydrates, ex. cellulose) • Metabolized and used for energy • Sugars are basic building blocks • general formula: (CH2O)n • examples • glucose (n= 6) • fructose (n= 6) • ribose (n= 5) • loop on themselves to form rings • rings attach to make chains of many types

9. Basic Carbohydrate Examples ribose fructose glucose chain formation: sugars simplest: sucrose monosaccharides; disaccharides; polysaccharides…

10. Complex Carbohydrate Examples http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/547cellulose.html http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/biochem/C-index.cfm?definition=chitin

11. Lipids Roles: • Energy (concentrated energy reserve) • Structural (ex. membranes) • Fatty acids are basic building blocks • long carbon chains with COOH head group • amphiphilic  interesting self-assembled structures • saturated; monounsaturated; polyunsaturated… Source: Univ. of Calgary Oleic acid

12. Phospholipids • Pair of fatty acids, connected by glycerol and phosphate group • Usually also bonded to a small hydrophilic molecule • Capable of self-assembly and self-repair! Source: PB Works

13. DNA Roles: • Stores, replicates information • Along with RNA and proteins, translates info into product • Nucleotides are basic building blocks • Deoxidized ribose rings chained together with phosphate bridges • Pendant on the ribose rings are the four “bases” • Specific hydrogen bonding based pairing thymine guanine adenine cytosine

14. Self- assembled DNA structure

15. Base pair hydrogen bonding

16. DNA - chromosome structure

17. DNA Transcription

18. RNA Transcription

19. Proteins Roles: Perform many many many roles Examples include: hormones; transportation of other molecules; enzymes; detecting signals; structural support • Amino Acids are basic building blocks Carbon connected to: • NH3 (amino group) • COOH (carboxyl group) • Side chain • Hydrogen

20. The 20 amino acids

21. Protein Structure

22. Globular Protein Structure

23. Applications of BioNanotech:Molecular Motors ATP Synthase: • as protons flow through membrane, spins • in cells, this mechanical energy is used for the ADP  ATP rxn http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookATP.html

24. ATP Rotor and Attached Sphere Constructing Biological Motor Powered Nanomechanical Devices byCarlo Montemagno*, George Bachand, Scott Stelick, Marlene Bachand http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/Papers/Montemagno/

25. DNA (Genomic) microarrays Synthesis of Gene Chips Biomolecular Engineering Volume 22, Issues 5–6, December 2005, Pages 173–184 http://www.bio.davidson.edu/genomics/chip/chip.html

26. Gene Chips http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/genomics/chip/chip.html

27. Application of BioNanotech:Scaffolded DNA Origami Use short single strands of DNA (“staples”) to direct folding of long strands of DNA to make nanostructures

29. Application of BioNanotech: Fluorescence tagging • Fluorescence tag attached to cDNA • Organic dyes • Cy3 and Cy5 • Quantum Dots

30. Application of NanoBiotech: Metal Nanoparticle/Film Binding Assays • Surface plasmon resonance • Colorimetric shifts indicate binding • Can be accomplished using 10-100 nm Au or Ag particles or films

31. Protein Binding Basic phenomenon in much of biology

32. Protein Microarray Screening Surface Plasmon Resonance The optical properties (reflectivity or spectral absorption) of a metal thin film or particle is determined by the size, shape, and number of any molecules attached to it. gold specular angle specular angle glass Input Light Output Light

33. Protein Microarray Screening At some particular angle or wavelength, most of the input light energy will be converted to a plasmon Specular Angle specular angle Input Light output light reflectivity = output/input reflectivity Reflectivity minimum is dependent on type of molecule bonded specular angle or wavelength

34. Protein Microarray Screening Monitor SPR curves over time to track binding events

35. Raman Spectroscopy • Gives information about vibrational (low energy) states

36. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy • Noble metal nanoparticles act as antennas Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, 15, 5312-5328

37. Nanoparticle Photothermal Therapy Surface Plasmon Resonance effect using a metal nanoshell in the IR “water window” http://nano.cancer.gov/resource_center/nanotech_nanoshells.asp

38. Magnetism • Magnetic field induces changes in alignment of electron spins in a substance • Paramagnetism: unpaired spin magnetic moment is alligned with applied field • Ferromagnetism: unpaired spins align in absence of magnetic field • Diamagnatism: a magnetic moment opposing the applied field from paired electrons

40. Magnetic Memory • Non-volatile (is not lost when power is removed) • Co – alloy material • Magnetic domains are 1 and 0 http://www.spmtips.com/library-SPM-in-data-storage.lib

41. Next Gen: Spin Torque Transfer • Spintronics: Integrated magnetic and electronic properties • New materials, fab in conjunction with silicon elements • Commercialized-> Everspin

42. Bottom Up : 12 atom bit • Antiferromagnetic bits • Needs 5K temps to operate

43. Magnetic Imaging • MRI contrast agents • Magnetic Particle Imaging Choi, J.-S. et al. A hybrid nanoparticle probe for dual-modality positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.47, 6259–6262 (2008) Goodwill, P. W., Saritas, E. U., Croft, L. R., Kim, T. N., Krishnan, K. M., Schaffer, D. V. and Conolly, S. M. (2012), X-Space MPI: Magnetic Nanoparticles for Safe Medical Imaging. Adv. Mater., 24: 3870–3877. doi: 10.1002/adma.201200221