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Cognition

Cognition. Study of how the mind works. Study of basic mental functions of the mind. Includes a variety of mental process: perception, pattern recognition, language, etc. Cognition Equals. Cognitive Psychology.

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Cognition

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  1. Cognition • Study of how the mind works. Study of basic mental functions of the mind. • Includes a variety of mental process: perception, pattern recognition, language, etc.

  2. Cognition Equals

  3. Cognitive Psychology • Theoretical orientation emphasizing mental structures and processes and breaks them down into component structures and processes • How sensory information is acquired, stored, transformed and used. • Mental activity or acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge

  4. Neisser’s Defintion of Cognitive Psychology “Cognitive Psychology refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.”

  5. Question • Answer this question as quickly as you can: • How many hands did Aristotle have?

  6. Levels of Cognition Perception Attention Pattern Recognition Memory Organization of Knowledge Language Reasoning Problem Solving Decision Making

  7. Codes • System of signals used to represent something -- e.g. code for music on CD • Cognitive Code: the word ‘hands’ --> phonemes (language sounds), letters, meaning • Neural Code: e.g. the word ‘hands’ encoded as a pattern of neural activity in the brain

  8. Level of Description • Mental Level • Cognitive Level • Neural Level

  9. Cognitive Process Analysis

  10. Cognitive Psycholgy Development Timeline

  11. Thinking as a Sequence of States

  12. Wilhelm Wundt • “ Conscious processes and immediate experience” • Introspection or “self observation” • Rigorous Methods

  13. Titchener • Structuralism • Training of observers • Structuralism • Imageless thought controversy

  14. Herman Ebbinghaus • Study higher mental processes using scientific method • Process of association formation • Non-sense syllables • Savings Method

  15. Nonsense Syllables DAX GIK TEB KOV SUV HET

  16. Ebbinghaus’ Method • Learn list to 2 perfect recitations (# trials) • Set aside (varied delay) • Relearn (# trials) • Measurement of Savings

  17. Measurement of Savings

  18. Forgetting Curve

  19. William James

  20. William James - Functionalism • Interested in the functions of consciousness • Infer mental mechanisms or processes from the way organisms behave in different situations. • Functions of Memory • Primary Memory • Secondary Memory

  21. 20th Century

  22. Behaviorism • John B. Watson (1924) • Reaction to Introspection • Emphasis on observable, quantifiable behavior • No unobservables, no internal mental states, no images, ideas, or thoughts

  23. Behaviorism • Psychology = Scientific study of behavior • Humans as passive reactors to external stimuli • “Tabular Rasa” - Environmental determinants of behavior • Rats in mazes, puzzle boxes, etc.

  24. Behaviorism - Positive Contributions • Insistence of precise & careful definition of concepts • Operational Construct • e.g. performance = # trials necessary to complete a maze with no errors • Experimental Control

  25. Gestalt Psychology • Laws of organization • Law of proximity • Law of similarity • Insight problem solving

  26. Law of Similarity O O O O X X X X O O O O X X X X

  27. Law of Proximity O O O O X X X X O O O O X X X X

  28. Frederick C. Bartlett • Remembering: An Experimental and Social Study (1932) • Meaningful materials -- e.g. stories • Human memory constructive process • Original material interpreted and transformed

  29. The Cognitive Revolution • Return to mentalistic ideas (1940’s and 50’s) • MIT – Sept. 11, 1956 • Neisser’s book Cognitive Psychology (1967) • Information processing perspective • Diverse Influences/ Causes

  30. Stimulus-Response

  31. Dissatisfaction with Behaviorism • Challenges to “tabular rasa” • Innate structure or knowledge • Complex human behavior not explainable in terms of stimulus-response relations alone

  32. World War II

  33. World War II • Practical Problems • Problems of perception, judgement, thinking, and decision-making • Operating technical equipment • Performance over Learning • Human Factors

  34. Information Processing

  35. Verbal Learning • Flourishing of Ebbinghaus tradition • Different types of memory, memory organization, models • Active nature of learner--what is brought to learning • Formation of new associations --> Use of pre-existing associations. • Emphasis on Memory over learning

  36. Bousfield (1953) apple bicycle shirt chair banana car socks desk peach truck dress couch orange train hat rug desk couch chair peach apple hat shirt dress … Etc. Words presented in this order: But recalled In this order

  37. Verbal Learning … • Existing memory associations lead to reorganization of words during recall • Mental Processes: rehearsal, storage, organization, retrieval • Acceptance of objective methods & procedures • But increased commitment to inferred processes -- e.g. encoding, storage, retrieval

  38. Noam Chomsky

  39. Linguistics • Rejection of behaviorist notions of language • Emphasis on mental processes underlying language learning • Novelty of utterances • 2 Major Claims • Language knowledge innate • Grammatical rules/system

  40. Evidence • Same age of acquisition • Similar stages and length of time to acquire • Limited # of Grammars • Novel utterances • Evidence for rule use: Irregular past tense verbs

  41. Evidence for Rule Use: Irregular past tense formation • Initially • ‘go’ --> ‘went’ • ‘eat’ --> ‘ate’ • Later (after acquiring regular past tense rule) • ‘go’ --> ‘goed’ • ‘eat’ --> ‘eated’

  42. Telephone example “UD has improved the appearance of the university over the last few years.”

  43. Communications Theory • Information processing idea • Similarity between communication devices and people • 1st approximation analogy for psychology to describe mental processes • Channel, information processing filters, limited capacity, serial vs. parallel processing.

  44. Information Theory InformationSource Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination

  45. Computers & Computer Science • Numerous contributions • Analogy of computers & humans • Both process information: Take in information, transform, manipulate, store, & output information (or some type of product--e.g. behavior) • Humans & computers as symbol manipulators

  46. Schematic Diagram of Computer System

  47. Atkinson & Shiffrin Memory Model

  48. Many Contributions • Borrowing of concepts & characteristics of computers to describe human system: sensory store, short-term store, long-term store • Limited capacity--immediate memory & attention

  49. Additional Contributions • Computer programs/processes analagous to mental processes • Simulation modeling • AI • Computer as tool • Modeling • Stimulus Presentation

  50. Current Issues Related to Cognitive Psychology • Ecological Validity • Cognitive Science • Cognitive Neuroscience • Artificial Intelligence • Parallel Distributed Processing Approach

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