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Progressive Politicians: Reforms and Achievements from Roosevelt to Wilson

This chapter explores the transformative era of Progressive Reform in the United States, examining key figures like Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. It highlights the essential reforms enacted to enhance democracy, improve city governance, regulate big business, and promote social welfare. The chapter discusses voting reforms such as direct primaries and the Seventeenth Amendment, Roosevelt's Square Deal, Taft's labor reforms, and Wilson's New Freedom, culminating in significant advances such as women's suffrage with the Nineteenth Amendment.

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Progressive Politicians: Reforms and Achievements from Roosevelt to Wilson

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  1. Chapter 10PROGRESSIVE POLITICIANS Section 1: Reforming Government Section 2: Roosevelt and the Square Deal Section 3: Reform Under Taft Section 4: Wilson’s “New Freedom”

  2. Section 1: Reforming Government Objectives: • What reforms were enacted to make U.S. voting procedures more democratic? • How did reformers seek to improve city governments? • What were the goals of progressive state leaders?

  3. Section 1: Reforming Government Voting reforms • direct primary • Seventeenth Amendment (direct election of senators) • secret ballot • power of initiative • right to referendum • right of recall

  4. Section 1: Reforming Government Reforms of city government • improvement of police force • improvement of municipal services • labor reforms • hiring of city managers

  5. Section 1: Reforming Government Goals of progressive state leaders • direct primaries • increased taxes on railroads and public utilities • laws to curb lobbying • stricter controls on certain industries • labor reforms • improvement of social services

  6. Section 2: Roosevelt and the Square Deal Objectives: • What was President Roosevelt’s governing style? • Why did the government attempt to regulate trusts and the food and drug industries? • How did the conservation movement develop during Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency?

  7. Section 2: Roosevelt and the Square Deal President Roosevelt’s governing style Roosevelt used his office as a “bully pulpit” to try to balance the interests of business, consumers, and labor.

  8. Section 2: Roosevelt and the Square Deal Government reasons for regulating trusts • Trusts often competed unfairly, in practices such as requiring rebates or discounts. • Trusts sometimes sold inferior products. • Trusts sometimes corrupted public officials.

  9. Section 2: Roosevelt and the Square Deal Roosevelt and the conservation movement • recognized that natural resources were limited • saw that business interests tended to dominate, to the detriment of the environment • created forest reserves • started a reclamation policy • worked to create national parks • was influenced by his friend, Gifford Pinchot, who coined the word conservation

  10. Section 3: Reform Under Taft Objectives: • What progressive reforms were enacted during President Taft’s administration? • What divisions in the Republican Party led to the formation of the Progressive Party? • How did Woodrow Wilson win the 1912 presidential election?

  11. Section 3: Reform Under Taft Progressive reforms under Taft • extended the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission • added land to forest reserves • created the Department of Labor • passed labor-safety laws • adoption of the Sixteenth Amendment (income tax)

  12. Section 3: Reform Under Taft Divisions in the Republican Party • over Taft’s performance • the Ballinger-Pinchot affair • the attack on Joseph Cannon

  13. Section 3: Reform Under Taft Wilson’s victory in 1912 • Republican Party split • Republicans who refused to vote for Taft voted for Wilson • Democratic victory

  14. Section 4: Wilson’s “New Freedom” Objectives: • How did President Wilson’s proposals affect big business and U.S. citizens? • How did Wilson attempt to help farmers and laborers, and how successful were his efforts? • How did American women gain the right to vote?

  15. Section 4: Wilson’s “New Freedom” Tariff reform • helped farmers • cost revenue, but this was made up income tax

  16. Section 4: Wilson’s “New Freedom” Banking reform • created “bankers’ banks” • stabilized the banking system • helped small farmers gain access to lower interest rates

  17. Section 4: Wilson’s “New Freedom” General business reform • extended the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act • helped the government regulate monopolies

  18. Section 4: Wilson’s “New Freedom” Wilson and farmers and laborers • The Federal Farm Loan Act provided low-interest loans to farmers. • The Adamson Act reduced the workday for railroad workers and averted a strike. • The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act tried to reduce child labor but was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

  19. Section 4: Wilson’s “New Freedom” Suffrage for women • Women pressed for a constitutional amendment. • Women’s groups pressured appropriate senators, and campaigned for the defeat of those who voted against suffrage. • Women gained the right to vote with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

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