Chapter Ten High Middle Ages

1. Chapter TenHigh Middle Ages ______________________________ Culture and Values, 8th Ed. Cunningham and Reich and Fichner-Rathus

2. 1096 ce –1194 ceEarly Gothic PeriodUniversities of Paris and Bologna founded • During the First Crusade, Christians capture Jerusalem • Oxford University founded • The Gothic style begins with the construction of Saint-Denis • Saint Bernard de Clairvaux leads the condemnation of Peter Abelard at the Council of Sens • Philip Augustus ascends to the throne of France and promotes Paris as the capital • 1194 ce –1300 ceHigh Gothic PeriodThe rebuilding of Chartres Cathedral begins • During the Fourth Crusade, crusaders sack Constantinople on the way to the Holy Land • The University of Cambridge is founded • The Magna Carta, limiting the powers of the king, is signed in England • Robert de Sorbon founds a Paris hospice for scholars, the forerunner of the Sorbonne • Marco Polo travels to China and India • Acre, the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land, falls

4. The Significance of Paris • Center of Western civilization (1150-1300) • Gothic architecture • Scholasticism • The University • Distinct cultural expression • Classical texts • Judeo-Christian worldview • Religious reforms

5. The Gothic Style: Saint Denis • Abbot Suger (1080-1151) • Saint Denis and Charlemagne • Pilgrimage destination • Lendit • Choir, double ambulatory • Defining Gothic • Gothic vs. Romanesque

6. 10.2 Abbey church of Saint-Denis, France

7. Pinnacle (1) A sharply pointed ornament capping the piers or flying buttresses; also used on cathedral facades. Flying buttresses (2) Masonry struts that transfer the thrust of the nave vaults across the roofs of the side aisles and ambulatory to a tall pier rising above the church’s exterior wall. Vaulting web (3) Thee masonry blocks filling the area between the ribs of a groin vault. Diagonal rib (4) One of the ribs forming the X of a groin vault; in the figure, the diagonal ribs are the lines AC and DB. Transverse rib (5) A rib crossing the nave or aisle at a 90-degree angle; in the figure, lines AB and DC. Springing (6) Thee lowest stone of an arch; in Gothic vaulting, the lowest stone of a diagonal or transverse rib. Clerestory (7) The windows below the vaults in the nave elevation’s uppermost level. By using flying buttresses and rib vaults on pointed arches, Gothic architects could build huge clerestory windows and fill them with stained glass held in place by ornamental stonework called tracery. Oculus (8) A small, round window. Lancet (9) A tall, narrow window crowned by a pointed arch. Triforium (10) The story in the nave elevation consisting of arcades, usually blind arcades but occasionally filled with stained glass. Nave arcade (11) The series of arches supported by piers separating the nave from the side aisles. Compound pier (cluster pier) with shafts (responds) (12) A pier with a group, or cluster, of attached shafts, or responds, extending to the springing of the vaults.

8. The Gothic Style • Laon Cathedral • Notre Dame Cathedral • Chartres Cathedral

9. 10.5 Laon Cathedral, interior

10. Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, begun 1163, completed 1250. Paris, France

11. The Mysticism of Light • Luminous quality of the Gothic • Suger’s “theology of beauty” • Neo-Platonic philosophy, purity of light • In the doctrine of the Pseudo-Dionysius (as later generations have called him), every created thing partakes, however imperfectly, of the essence of God. There is an ascending hierarchy of existence that ranges from inert mineral matter to the purity of light, which is God. The Pseudo-Dionysius described all of creation under the category of light: Every created thing is a small light that illumines the mind a bit. Ultimately, as light becomes more pure, one ascends the hierarchy and gets closer to pure light, which is God. • Stained glass windows • Lux Nova “Bright is that which is brightly coupled with the bright, and bright is the noble edifice which is pervaded by the new light [lux nova].” • …vs. Byzantine mosaics • “Bible of the Poor”

12. 10.10 Notre Dame de Belle Verrier “)(Our Lady of the Beautiful Window”), stained-glass window, Chartres Cathedral, France, early 13th century

13. 10.11 Tympanum, right door royal portal west façade, Chartres Cathedral, France.

14. 10.12 Gargoyles on Notre-Dame, Paris, France

15. 10.8 Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, as rebuilt after 1194.

16. 10.15 Vintner’s window, glass roundel, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, 1215

17. To Teach and Edify • Learning, wisdom, and God • Collaboration of builders, theologians • History of salvation in decoration • Gargoyles

18. Many Meanings of the Gothic Cathedral • Social functions • “Cathedral Square” • Church courts / civil courts • Horarium • Economic impact • Pilgrimages, trade fairs, feast days • Prestigious donations by guilds

19. Many Meanings of the Gothic Cathedral • Motivation to build- The motivation for the building of a medieval cathedral, then, came from theological vision, religious devotion, civic pride, and socioeconomic interest.  • Actual design and construction • Villard de Honnecourt’s notebook • Combination of human knowledge and religious faith • Pilgrim as central metaphor

20. The mid-12th century Shrine of the Three Kings (German Dreikönigsschrein) is a reliquary said to contain the bones of the Biblical Magi, also known as the Three Kings or the Three Wise Men. The shrine is a large gilded and decorated triple sarcophagus placed above and behind the high altar of Cologne Cathedral.

21. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Collection Digital Media Collection Work Record ID 24405 Work Type - Category reliquary Rights Statement NSVR in-house Title Shrine of the Three Kings Display Measurement 43 inches wide, 60 inches high, and 87 inches long Material assorted materials Creator Name Nicholas of Verdun Creator Dates active 1181-1205 Creator Nationality French Display Date circa1190-1205/1210 Repository Cologne, Germany, Cologne Cathedral, Treasury ID Number 1232 Style/Period Term Gothic Subject religious object Image ID 5000712 Resolution Size 5 Format JP2 Media Type Image File Name 24405.jp2 Width 2974 Height 2034

22. Moralized Bible, Louis IX and Queen Blanche of Castile, made in France 1226-1234 Materials: ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum Repository: New York, New York, United States, The Morgan Library and Museum ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Collection Digital Media Collection Work Record ID 24386 Work Type - Category book cover Rights Statement NSVR in-house Title Louis IX and Queen Blanche of Castile, Moralized Bible Display Date 1226-34 Repository New York, New York, United States, The Morgan Library and Museum ID Number 1232 Style/Period Term Gothic Subject religious Image ID 5000693 Resolution Size 5 Format JP2 Media Type Image File Name 24386.jp2 Width 2047 Height 2739

23. Psalm I , Windmill Psalter, 1270-80 New York, New York, United States, The Morgan Library and Museum ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Collection Digital Media Collection Work Record ID 24395 Work Type - Category manuscript illumination Rights Statement NSVR in-house Title Psalm I , Windmill Psalter Display Measurement 12 3/4x8 3/4" Material ink on vellum Display Date circa 1270-80 Repository New York, New York, United States, The Morgan Library and Museum ID Number 1232 Style/Period Term Gothic Subject religious text Image ID 5000702 Resolution Size 5 Format JP2 Media Type Image File Name 24395.jp2 Width 2944 Height 2035

25. The Pisa Pulpit Date: 1260 4.6 meters Artist: Nicola Pisano Culture: Italian Style/Period: Gothic Materials: marble Baptistery, Pisa, Italy ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Collection Scholars Resource Collection Artist Nicola Pisano Artist Nationality/Culture Italian Title The Pisa Pulpit Date 1260 Classification Sculpture Work Type sculpture (visual work) Dimensions 4.6 meters Inscription signed, dated Style/Period Gothic (Medieval) Materials Display marble Current Site Pisa, Baptistry, Italy Image Catalog Number Kid-0075 Image View Overall view Photographer Dr. Ronald V. Wiedenhoeft Vendor Saskia, Ltd. Image ID 141218 Resolution Size 5 Format JP2 Media Type Image File Name kid0075.jp2 Width 2047 Height 3042

26. Music: The School of Notre Dame • Musical notation • Guido d’Arezzo • Polyphony of organum • Léonin’s Magnus Liber Organi • Pérotin and counterpoint • The Motet

27. Scholasticism:The Rise of the Universities • Demand for an educated class • Support for socioeconomic structures • Intellectual and cultural needs • Ancient texts (Aristotle) • Relationships with Arab scholars • Renaissance of legal studies • Dialectics • Peter Abelard • Scholasticism

28. Map 10.2 The University

29. 10.18 Jacobello and Pier Piero dalle Mesegne, Students, 1383-1386

30. Scholasticism:The Rise of the Universities • University of Paris • William of Champeaux (1070-1121) • Peter Abelard (1079-1142) • Universitas • Magistri / doctors • Art vs. Theology • Student financial assistance • Curriculum and instruction

31. Scholasticism:The Rise of the Universities • Student culture and lifestyles • Women not admitted to universities • Educated by private tutors or in convents • Few exceptions to the rule (Italy, Germany)

32. Medieval Literature • Troubadours and Trobairitz • Guillem de Peiteus • Bernart de Ventadorn • Beatriz, The Comtessa de Dia • Bertran de Born • Saint Golias • Goliardic Verse • Carmina Burana • The Romance of the Rose

33. Medieval Religion, Philosophy, and Writing • Moses Maimonides (1135-1204) • The Guide for the Perplexed • The reality of God • Theories about the beginnings and eternality of the universe • Celebration of the Sabbath • Human intelligence • Why people are responsible for the evil that befalls them • Formulated 13 principles of Jewish faith

34. Francis of Assisi • Mendicant brotherhood • Life of total poverty, mobility • Humanity of Christ • Literal interpretation of the Gospels • Stigmata • Goodness of God’s creation • Concern for all creatures • Affective and emotional religion

35. 10.20 Bonaventura Berlinghieri, Scenes from the Life of St. Francis, Altarpiece panel, 1235

36. Medieval Religion, Philosophy, and WritingThomas Aquinas (1225-1274) • Intellectual and mystic • “Master of the Sacred Page” • Sought to harmonize reason and revelation • Fideism vs. Rationalism • Summa Theologica • Intellectual tradition of Aristotle • Hierarchical, synthetic worldview

37. 10.21 Andrea di Buonaiuto, The Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas, 1365 , Church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy

38. Chapter Ten: Discussion Questions • Consider the pilgrimage both as a metaphorical and literal journey. What role did the pilgrimage play during the Middle Ages? • What specific qualities are present in Gothic architecture that are not present in the Romanesque? What is the symbolic message inherent in each architectural style? • Explain the “hierarchical and synthetic” natures of the Gothic cathedral and Aquinas’Summa Theologica. In what ways are they hierarchical? What is being synthesized in these artistic and intellectual examples? In what ways is this a commentary on the patterns of thought during the Middle Ages?