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Chapter 9: The High Middle Ages

Chapter 9: The High Middle Ages. Section 1: Growth of Royal Power Section 2: Holy Roman Empire Section 3: Europeans Look Outward Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts Section 5: A Time of Crisis. Section 1: Growth of Royal Power. Summary:

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Chapter 9: The High Middle Ages

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  1. Chapter 9: The High Middle Ages Section 1: Growth of Royal Power Section 2: Holy Roman Empire Section 3: Europeans Look Outward Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts Section 5: A Time of Crisis

  2. Section 1: Growth of Royal Power • Summary: • Strong monarchs in England & France worked to increase their land holdings and to their power over their subjects

  3. Section 1: Growth of Royal Power • During the Middle Ages, kings, nobles, and the Church struggled for power • Kings slowly began to increase their power • First, they expanded royal lands • Kings then gave rights to townspeople and gained their loyalty

  4. Section 1: Growth of Royal Power • English and French Kings made government stronger • In England kings created a royal treasury • People paid taxes to the king, not the nobles

  5. Section 1: Growth of Royal Power • King Henry II set up royal courts and a system of common law to broaden royal justice • English kings met with councils made up of nobles and clergy for advice • As time passed, the English council developed into Parliament • Parliament won the right to approve taxes • Parliament provided a balance to royal power

  6. Section 1: Growth of Royal Power • In France, the ruling family made the throne hereditary, passing power from father to son • French kings also formed an alliance with the Church • Rulers collected taxes, organized an army, and created an organized government • Like English kings, French monarchs met with councils for advice

  7. Section 1: Growth of Royal Power • Important ideas about government emerged in England • In 1215, English nobles forced King John to sign a document called the Magna Carta • The Magna Carta gave rights to the people • It stated that kings must obey the law • These ideas are important in governments today

  8. Section 1: Growth of Royal Power Kings in England In Common King in France -Make throne hereditary Become allies with the Church -Organize an army -Take French lands from English king -Add to their lands -Set up organized governments -Collect taxes -Create a royal treasury -Set up royal courts and royal law -Decide who can build castles and where -Force vassals to obey them -Establish common law so that all people can be treated the same -Collect records of who owns land During the Middle Ages, European monarchs strengthened their power by centralizing government and developing ties to the middle class

  9. Section 2: Holy Roman Empire • Summary: • Conflicts with nobles and the Roman CatholicChurchpreventedHoly RomanEmperors from unifying Germany

  10. Section 2: Holy Roman Empire • After Charlemagne died in 814, Germany split into many states • Powerful nobles ruled the states • In time, a German king was crowned Holy Roman Emperor • Later Emperors tried to unify the Empire • However, conflicts with powerful German nobles prevented the emperors from succeeding

  11. Section 2: Holy Roman Empire Cont. • Emperors and Popes clashed over who had the right to pick Bishops • The conflict continued because most nobles supported the Pope • Finally, in 1122, the Pope and emperor reached a settlement about choosing Bishops

  12. Section 2: Holy Roman Empire Cont. • During the 1100s and 1200s, Holy RomanEmperors tried to gain control of Italy • However, the Pope and his Allies defeated the emperors • While the emperors focused attention on Italy, German nobles grew more independent • While French and English kings grew stronger, the rulers of Germany lost more control • Thus Germany stayed divided

  13. Section 2: Holy Roman Empire Cont. • During the 1200s, the church was very powerful • Pope Gregory VII and Pope Innocent III believed that the Pope should have more power than any other ruler • Rulers who objected were excommunicated • After the 1200s the power of the Pope declined

  14. Section 2: Holy Roman Empire Cont. • Conflict: Resolution: They reach a Compromise Emperor grants land to Bishops Pope chooses Bishops and gives them spiritual power Emperors and Popes both want to choose Church officials Emperor and Pope fight over land in northern Italy Pope and his Italian allies defeat Emperor The Holy Roman emperor and the Pope struggled over important issues from the late 1000s to the 1200s

  15. Section 3: Europeans Look Outward • Summary: • The Crusades brought changes and caused Europeans to learn more about the Middle East and Asia

  16. Section 3: Europeans Look Outward • While Europe was still cut off from the world, civilizations in other places were thriving • Islamic civilization stretched from the Middle East across Northern Africa • The Byzantine empire was a rival to Islam and influencedGreek and Russian religion • The conflict between Islam and Byzantium would erupt into a period wars called the Crusades

  17. Section 3: Europeans Look Outward • In the 1050s, the Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine empire and conquered Palestine • The Pope called for Europeans to rescue the Holy Lands from the Turks • For 200 years, thousands of knights fought religious wars called the Crusades • In the end, the Crusaders failed to regain the Holy Land

  18. Section 3: Europeans Look Outward • However, the Crusades had major effects on Europe • People of different religions grew to hate each other • Other effects were more positive • Trade with the East increased, especially from Italian port cities • Kings and Popes became more powerful

  19. Section 3: Europeans Look Outward • Since nobles needed more money to pay for armies, they allowed serfs to pay rent in money instead of grain or labor

  20. Section 3: Europeans Look Outward • Europeans realized that there was culture and civilization in far away places • Some Europeans, such as Marco Polo, traveled to far off lands

  21. Section 3: Europeans Look Outward • Religious wars also took place in Spain • In 1492, the rulers Ferdinand and Isabella forced out the Muslims and united Spain The Spanish then persecuted Jews and Muslims who refused to convert to Christianity

  22. Section 3: Europeans Look Outward • Causes: Effects: -Trade Increases -People of different religions grow to hate each other -Popes become more powerful -Feudal kings become more powerful -Renting land helps to free serfs -Europeans become interested in traveling People learn about other cultures -People wanted to free the Holy Land from Seljuk control -Many people want to get rich and gain new land -Some people want to see new places Crusades The Crusades helped to speed up changes in Europe and to open it up to new ideas

  23. Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts • Summary: • Improved economic and political conditions in Europe led to a revival of learning during the High Middle Ages

  24. Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts • By the 1100s, economic, social, and political conditions in Europe had improved • The change created a need for education • The Church wanted a more educated clergy • Rulers needed people who could read and write to help run the government • Wealthy people wanted their sons to have important jobs

  25. Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts • The Church set up school s to train the clergy, but eventually laymen, or people who were not clergy, could attend • Some of these schools became the 1st universities • Women were not allowed to attend universities

  26. Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts • During this period, new learning was reaching Europe • Scholars rediscovered the ideas of ancient Greece, Rome, and the Muslim world

  27. Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts • Important changes took place in medieval European literature • Writers began to use everyday languages that ordinary people could understand • Authors such as, Chaucer wrote stories about warrior heroes and ordinary people that showed courage, humor, and morality

  28. Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts • Popular literary works can give us an idea of what life must have been like in the High Middle Ages • Such as the legend of King Arthur

  29. Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts • Changes also took place in architecture • Some architects built stone churches that looked like Roman fortresses • This style was called Romanesque

  30. Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts • Others built huge Gothic Churches with pointed arches, high ceilings, and supports called Flying Buttresses

  31. Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts • Flying Buttresses

  32. Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts • Stained glass windows and marble statues showed Bible stories to those that could not read

  33. Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts • Life at a Medieval University Eat breakfast of soup and oatmeal at 10 a.m. Go to classes in cold rooms with hard benches Take oral exams Memorize mathematics, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, and logic Wake up at 5 a.m. for prayers Have supper and study Go to afternoon classes until 5 p.m.

  34. Section 5: A Time of Crisis • Summary: • The Late Middle Ages was a period of decline in Europe, marked by disease, corruption, and war

  35. Section 5: A Time of Crisis • The Late Middles Ages was a hard time for Europeans • During the 1300s, a deadly disease called the Bubonic Plague, or Black Death, spread through Europe

  36. Section 5: A Time of Crisis • One out of every three people in Europe died of this disease

  37. Section 5: A Time of Crisis • The economy fell apart because of the loss of workers and rising prices • Landowners converted farmland to sheep pastures to avoid paying the high wages of farm workers • Peasants who were thrown off of their farms rushed to towns, but found no jobs • People everywhere were scared and angry • Revolts all over Europe resulted

  38. Section 5: A Time of Crisis • The Roman CatholicChurch faced serious problems • Its frightened followers needed comfort • But many priests and monks had died from the plague, so the Church was unable to help

  39. Section 5: A Time of Crisis • During this period, England and France fought the Hundred Years’ War • The English King wanted French land and wanted to be king of France • A young women named Joan of Arc led the French to several victories

  40. Section 5: A Time of Crisis • The English captured Joan of Arc and burned her at the stake • Her execution inspired the French to win the war • Later, the Church made Joan of Arc a saint

  41. Section 5: A Time of Crisis • Hard Times During the Middle Ages Famine -Crops fail -People starve Black Death -Bubonic plague spreads from Asia to Europe -1 in 3 people die -Society and economy fall apart Hundred Year’s War -English king wants to be king of France -Both England and France want French land They fight for more than 100 years France defeats England

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