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Chapter 1. 9th Grade Review. Unit One Methods of Social Studies. -Key Terms of Social Studies Artifact- human-made objects of past cultures such as tool or weapons Culture- way of life Civilization- complex culture
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Chapter 1 9th Grade Review
Unit OneMethods of Social Studies -Key Terms of Social Studies Artifact- human-made objects of past cultures such as tool or weapons Culture- way of life Civilization- complex culture Cultural Diffusion- the spreading of one culture to another - Sources of Information - Primary Sources -First Hand Account written by the person who experienced the event examples: diary, journal, autobiography - Secondary Sources - Account that was written by someone that did not witness the event examples: textbook, biography
Unit OneMethods of Social Studies (Pg.2) -Important Professions Archaeologist - studies past cultures ( archaeology) Cartographer- map maker Geographer- studies the natural features of the Earth (geology) Anthropologist- study artifacts to learn how ancient people lived (anthropology) -Keys to Reading a Map Latitude- lines that run across a map Equator: 0 degrees latitude Longitude- lines that run up/down on a map Prime Meridian: 0 degrees longitude Map Key – describes information on the map (Look at Map Key and Title of Map for basic info)
Unit TwoPrehistoric Civilizations • Paleolithic Age “ Old Stone Age ” Paleolithic People were primarily nomads • Neolithic Age “ New Stone Age ” Began to develop technology to meet basic needs • Neolithic Revolution - change from nomadic life to the development of permanent settlements ( Development of Agriculture and the Domestication of Animals)
Unit ThreeAncient River Valley Civilizations • Early Civilizations - Early governments either ruled by one individual or a council of elders - Traditional economy ( based on agriculture) - Polytheistic religion - Early system of writing - As they developed a surplus of food, began to specialize in other jobs ( Barter Economy- the exchange of goods) The four main early civilizations (1) Egypt, (3) Indus River Valley Civilizations (2)Mesopotamia (4) China - Developed along rivers to provide fresh water for their crops, domesticated animals and themselves and provided transportation.
(1) Egypt Important Facts • Located in North Africa • Settled along the Nile River • Polytheistic religion • Mummification- preparation of the dead for the afterlife • Egyptian ruler was known as a Pharaoh • System of writing known as Hieroglyphics • Built pyramids that served as tombs for the pharaohs and later for wealthy individuals
(2) Mesopotamia Important Facts - “ Land between two Rivers ” • Area located in the Middle East • Fertile Crescent region- area of fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers • Area was the considered the crossroads of the world • Constant warfare due to lack of natural boundaries • First Civilization –Sumerians • System of writing- Cuneiform ( Wedge-shaped writing) Important Individuals • Hammurabi ( 1st written law code)
(3) Indus River Valley Important Facts -Located in India along the Indus River Valley -Two main cities- Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro - Known for their highly structured grid pattern -Monsoons have great impact on their culture Dry Season- Air comes from the Northern Mountains Wet Season- Air comes from the Southern Oceans -Later evolved into the Mauryan Empire
(4) China • Located along the Huang He or Yellow River • Due to natural boundaries, isolated from other civilizations • Isolation led to the development of a unique culture • Middle Kingdom Concept- Chinese civilization was the center of the Earth • Ethnocentrism- Their culture was far better than any other civilizations • Developed dynasties to rule China ( Tang and Song Dynasties) • Mandate of Heaven concept- need the approval of god to rule over the people • Later Development of the Silk Road- ( Trade Route) -opened up trade with the west. As a result, new Chinese goods moved west, while new Western products flowed into China
Unit 4Classical Civilizations The two classical civilizations are; (1) Greece (2) Rome - Each had a strong,well-organized government and a prosperous economy - These civilizations took over vast amounts of land and other cultures.
(1) GREECE - Collection of independent city states due to mountainous region • Two most famous city-states; Athens and Sparta • Athens- Valued education and democracy • Sparta- Valued militarism • Trojan War- Greek City-states vs. the Persians • Peloponnesian Wars- wars between Athens and Sparta Important Individuals - Alexander the Great- Hellenistic culture - Socrates, Aristotle, Plato – Greek philosophers
(2) ROME • Developed the Republic form of government (government officials that represented the citizens) • Most powerful governing body was the Senate • Patricians- landowning upper class • Plebeians - working middle class • Pax Romana- 200 years of Roman Peace, Golden Age of Rome • Twelve Tables of Roman Law- greatest contribution of the Romans • Decline of the Roman Empire resulted in : Eastern Half: Byzantine Empire Western Half: Middle Ages in Europe
Unit FiveBeliefs Systems 1) Animism - Belief system of early man - Belief that every living and nonliving thing in nature has a spirit - Polytheistic religion (2) Judaism - Monotheistic religion of the Hebrews - Code of Conduct: Ten Commandments - Central Belief: Covenant (Promise) with God if they follow the Ten Commandments then they will be the chosen people - Sacred Text: Torah - Established the Kingdom of Israel with Jerusalem as its capital
Unit 5Belief Systems ( Page 4) (3) Christianity - Rooted in Judaism - Code of Conduct: Ten Commandments - Central Belief: Jesus is the Messiah or savior sent by God - Sacred Text: Bible ( Old Testament: Torah, New Testament: Gospels) (4) Islam - Based on the teachings of Muhammad ( prophet of Allah, or God) - Monotheistic religion - Central Beliefs: Five Pillars of Islam - Sacred text: Koran ( Quran)
Unit 5Belief Systems ( Page 4) (5) Hinduism - Belief system of India - Polytheistic religion - Main belief is to unify one’s spirit with the Brahman, - Unification process takes many lifetimes, (reincarnation) - Beliefs rooted concept of karma and dharma - Beliefs introduced caste system ( rigid social class structure) - Sacred Texts: Vedas ( prayers) and Upanishads ( beliefs)
Caste System of India Brahmin (Priests) Kshatriyas (Warriors) Vaisyas (middle class) Sudras (servants/farmers) Untouchables (peasants)
Unit 5Belief Systems ( Page 2) (6) Buddhism - Founder Siddhartha Gautama ( Buddha-Enlightened One) - Central Philosophy :Four Noble Truths - Code of Conduct: The Eightfold Path - Accepts Hindus beliefs in reincarnation, karma, dharma - Rejects Hindus castes system - Sacred Text: Three Baskets of Wisdom ( collection of teachings) (7) Confucianism - Teachings of Chinese philosopher Confucius - Every person has certain duties and responsibilities according to position - Key Text: The Analects
Unit 5Belief Systems ( Page 3) (8) Taoism (Daoism) - Chinese Philosophy founded by Laozi - Central Belief: people live in harmony with nature - Code of Conduct: Tao, or Way with the universe - Balance between forces in natures ( yin and yang) - Sacred Text: The Way of Virtue (9) Legalism - Chinese Philosophy - In order to create a stable society the ruler should have absolute power - Citizens should have unquestioning obedience toward the government - Severe punishment for disobedience
Unit 5Belief Systems ( Page 5) (10) Shintoism - Ancient Religion of Japan - Polytheistic religion - Religion of festivals and rituals that centered on respect for nature - Worshipped the Kami, or spirits that controlled the forces of nature
Unit 6Other Cultures • Japan - Archipelago ( chain of islands) - Limited natural resources, relied on sea for food and trade with China (cultural diffusion - Early Japan was organized into clans, or family groups • Japanese Feudalism (1) Emperor - highest rank in society, no political power (2) Shogun - actual political ruler (3) Daimyo - powerful landowners (4) Samurai- warriors that protected their lords (5) Peasants and Artisans (6) Merchants – low social status due to did not produce goods - Bushido- Samurai code of loyalty (similar to chivalry)
Unit 6Other Cultures ( Page 2) • Byzantine Empire - Former Eastern half of Roman Empire - Capital Constantinople – founded by Emperor Constantine - Preserved Roman culture during European Middle Ages - Justianian’s Code- law code that organized Roman law • Russia - Rooted in Byzantine culture - Cyrillic alphabet – written language taken from the Byzantines - Orthodox Christianity- Russian religion taken from the Byzantines
Unit 6 Other Cultures ( Page 3) • Islamic Cultures - Comprised lands in the Middle East, North Africa, India and Spain - Caliph- religious successor to Muhammad - Split within Islam - Sunnis – believed the caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders - Shiites- believed only descendents from Muhammad should be his successors - During Islam’s Golden Age developed many achievements in mathematics, medicine, literature and art
Unit 6Other Cultures ( Page 4) • Africa - Geographic Areas (1) Savanna ( grassy plains) (2)Deserts ( dry barren lands) (3) Tropical Rain forests, (4) Mediterranean climates ( moderate temperatures, good farming, located on tips of African continent)
Unit 6Other Cultures ( Page 5) - Early African Kingdoms 1) Western African Kingdoms - Ghana - Mali ( Mansa Musa- powerful ruler that brought Islam to North Africa) - Songhai Involved in Trans-Saharan Trade (Gold and Salt) 2) Eastern African Kingdoms -Kush -Axum 3) Southern African Kingdoms -Great Zimbabwe- African empire in Southern Africa
Unit 6Other Cultures (Pg. 6) China - Two main dynasties 1) Tang 2) Song -Lasting Contributions - Civil Service Examinations - Movable type -Gunpowder -Porcelain -Advancements in Math -Mongols - Nomadic Herders from Northern Asia that took over China and Southeast Asia -Kublai Khan/Genghis Khan -Silk Road -Main trade route from China to the West
Unit 7 Middle Ages - Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire - Franks- led by Charlemagne - Germanic tribes that took control of Western Europe after the Romans - Formed alliance with Christian Church, spread Christianity throughout Europe - Feudalism – form of government during the Middle Ages Feudal Contract = Lord (Land) Vassal (Money/Military Service - Manorialism – form of economy during the Middle Ages Manor ( self-sufficient feudal village) - Roman Catholic Church- most powerful institution during the Middle Ages ( provided stability and structure during time of constant warfare between feudal kingdoms)
Unit 7 Middle Ages ( Page 2) King Lords Lessor Lords (Nobles) Knights Peasants Chivalry- Code of Conduct for Knights (similar to Bushido)
Unit 7Middle Ages ( Page 2) • Crusades - 200 year holy war between the Roman Catholic Church and the Muslims to regain Palestine ( the Holy Land) Negatives - Failed to regain the Holy Land Positives - Resulted in Increased Trade with the Middle East - Revived interest in learning as European were introduced to Byzantine and Muslim culture - Increased the power of the Monarchs as the Feudal nobles lost control of their land and power -Middle Ages Ended Due to two events: (1) Bubonic Plaque (2) Hundred Years War
Unit 8Renaissance “ Rebirth in Greek and Roman Culture” - Period of time of great creativity and change in Europe - Began in Italy in the mid 1300s and spread northward into Europe - Due to Vast amount of wealth generated form trade with the Middle East and willingness to promote art and education - Concept of Humanism - Invention of the Printing Press ( Johann Gutenberg) - books became more available, literacy increased, ideas spread rapidly - Printed in the Vernacular ( Local Languages) rather than in Latin
Unit 9Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation • Europeans broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and formed new Christian Churches ( ended religious unity in Europe) Causes of the Protestant Reformation - Renaissance led people to question the Roman Catholic Church’s authority - Objections to Church abuses such as selling indulgences Protestant Reformers - Martin Luther ( 95 Theses) - John Calvin ( Calvinists) - Anglican Church- Protestant Church of England
Unit 9 (Page 2) Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation Counter Reformation - Reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church - Purpose was to strengthen the Catholic Church and to keep Catholics from converting to the Protestant Churches Reforms - Council of Trent - Catholic council that guided the reform movement -Ignatius Loyola - Founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits) that defended the Catholic faith, strict obedience to Church law
Unit 10Rise of Absolute Monarchies - During the late Middle Ages, feudalism and the power of the Roman Catholic Church declined - Monarchs began to increase their power and consolidate feudal lands. - Formation of Modern European Countries (England, France, etc.) - Magna Carta- Limited the power of the English king - English Bill of Rights- further limited the power of the English monarchy ( limited monarchy) - Glorious Revolution- Protestant takeover of England from the Catholics - Strengthened the belief in a limited monarchy
Unit 11Age of Exploration Mesoamerican Civilizations - Cultures of Central and South American - Olmecs – First major American civilization settled along coastlines of Mexico - Mayas – established large cities in southern Mexico and Central America - Aztecs- later civilization that covered most of Mexico, militaristic culture that took over many other cultures - Incas- established large cities in the Andes Mountains in South America
Unit 11Age of Exploration ( Page 2) • Europeans looking for a direct trade route to Asia • Two nations, Spain and Portugal took the lead. • Reconquista - Christian campaign that recaptured Spain from the Muslims - King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella • Exploration in Africa - Trade Routes to Asia first went around the continent of Africa - Led to the established of imperialistic colonies in Africa • Exploration in the Americas - In order to find shorter trade route to Asia, explorers tried to sail West, instead discovered the Americas - Conquistadors – Spanish conquerors that explored the Americas in search ofgold
Unit 11Age of Exploration ( Page 3) • Triangular Trade - trade that involved Europe, Africa and the Americas - slaves were brought from West Africa to solve labor shortage in the Americas, raw materials brought to Europe from Americas, finished goods went from Europe to the Americas and Africa • Columbian Exchange - an exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and technology between the Americas and Europe • Mercantilism - Economic system in which the sole existence of the colonies was to provide raw materials and supplies to the mother country • Inventions - Astrolabe - Magnetic Compass - Larger Sails - Better Maps
