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National and International Perspectives on Inclusive Education: New Trends and Changing role of Special Education .

National and International Perspectives on Inclusive Education: New Trends and Changing role of Special Education . Prof. Anita Julka NCERT , NEW DELHI. Inclusive Education is a process of increasing the participation of all students in school, including those with disabilities.

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National and International Perspectives on Inclusive Education: New Trends and Changing role of Special Education .

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  1. National and International Perspectives on Inclusive Education: New Trends and Changing role of Special Education. Prof. Anita Julka NCERT , NEW DELHI

  2. Inclusive Education is a process of increasing the participation of all students in school, including those with disabilities

  3. INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES • Second Wave of Reform beginning in 1970s – The Community Living Movement. • Vision: People with disabilities integrated into communities. • Third Wave of Reform beginning in 1990s – The Self-Determination Movement • Vision: People with disabilities as valued, contributing citizens of their communities

  4. The UN Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons(1975)- deficiency-integration in normal life • World Programme of Action(1982)- Whenever possible education should take place in an ordinary school system • Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989-90) Disabled children have a right to access and integration subject to available resources & appropriate to the child’s condition • Jometien World Declaration of Education for All (1990) • UN Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities(1993) Moved forward towards a social model in Rule 6 on education but emphasis on access and equality & not quality • The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education (1994)- inclusive education as athe means by which education for all may be achieved

  5. Daker World Education Forum (2000) & Daker Framework of Action • Millennium Declaration (2000)- Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education: by 2015 • International Classification of Functioning and Disability (WHO,2001)-TWO DIMENSIONS- functioning and disability (body functions/structures, activities /participation) & contextual factors (Envt., personal) • The Biwako Millenium Framework for Action (2002)-inclusive, barrier-free and rights-based society for persons with disabilities • The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities(2006)- equal access to primary and secondary education

  6. National Initiatives • The Indian Education Commission (1882-83) • The Wardha Scheme or the Zakhir Hussain Committee Report (1938) • Sargent Report, 1944 • Constitution of India (1950) • Kothari Commission, (1964-66)

  7. 2006 National Policy for Persons with Disability Important Milestones 2005 Comprehensive Action Plan 2005 National Curriculum Framework 1997& 2000 Inclusion of IE in DPEP & SSA 1994 The Salamanca Statement & Framework of Action 1986 National Policy on Education 1974 Scheme of IEDC 1968 National Policy on Education

  8. The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act 2002 Legislative Frameworks 1999 National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities 1995 The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation ) Act 1992 Rehabilitation Council Of India Act

  9. Changing Role of Special Education The International Standard Classification of Education replaced the term special education as special needs education (1997)-educational intervention and support designed to address special educational needs irrespective of place of intervention

  10. Present Scenario

  11. The Programme of Action (1992) & PWD Act (1995) while promoting integrated education had also suggested a Pragmatic Placement Principle • The Salamance Statement (1995)- the special schools in their new found identity would become a much more flexible resource by working in partnership and creating a response to special needs, not only in alternative form of provision and intervention but within the mainstream classrooms, curricula and pedagogies themselves. Special and general education, in other words, are gearing to move a significant step closer together.

  12. Changing Scenario Inclusive Education Integrated Education Special Education

  13. Present Areas of Partnerships • Resource Support • Teacher Training • Additional Teaching • Early Intervention • Parental Guidance & Counseling

  14. Three things to be Considered for changing the nature of Special Education • The right to education- Differentiating Education as a human right from education as a means of achieving human rights eg. Economic and development rights • Challenging deterministic beliefs about ability- Conveying the anti deterministic (biological determinism) stand in teacher education programmes • Researching teaching practice- teachers need to persist in tinkering for expanding their repertoire of responses & research on difficulties students face may result in pedagogical practices that are inclusive for all learners

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