Reuse and Semantic Interoperability

1. Reuse and Semantic Interoperability • Multiple working groups shouldn't redefine-basic concepts • Undermines semantic interoperability across domains and systems • Varying quality of individual models • Limits downstream extensibility • Ontology-based formalizations offer more rigor • Typically leverage work of broader community of interests • Designed for reuse and extensibility • Generally reflect more thorough, higher-quality modeling • Reuse of Upper and Mid-level ontologies improves semantic alignment of Domain-Level ontologies and resulting implementations

2. Examples of Time Formalization • HL-7* • Time taxonomy fragment • TimingEvent model • WordNet • Time (Verb) • Time (Noun) • SUMO • Process Examples *See Patrick Cassidy notes: http://ontolog.cim3.net/forum/health-ont/2005-02/msg00011.html

3. HL-7 Timing Event Model

4. Time Representation in HL7 The following was selected from the HL-7 taxonomy: • DataTypeDataValue • DataTypeInterval • DataTypeIntervalOfPhysicalQuantities • DataTypeIntervalOfPointsInTime • DataTypeEventRelatedInterval • DataTypeGeneralTimingSpecification • DataTypePeriodicIntervalOfTime • DataTypeQuantity • DataTypePhysicalQuantity • DataTypeParametricProbabilityDistributionOfPhysicalQuantities • DataTypePointInTime

5. WordNet “Time” (Verb) • S: (v) clock, time (measure the time or duration of an event or action or the person who performs an action in a certain period of time) "he clocked the runners" • S: (v) time (assign a time for an activity or event) "The candidate carefully timed his appearance at the disaster scene" • S: (v) time (set the speed, duration, or execution of) "we time the process to manufacture our cars very precisely" • S: (v) time (regulate or set the time of) "time the clock" • S: (v) time (adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time) "The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely“ From http://wordnet.princeton.edu/

6. WordNet “Time” (Noun) • S: (n) time, clip (an instance or single occasion for some event) "this time he succeeded"; "he called four times"; "he could do ten at a clip" • S: (n) time (an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities)) "he waited a long time"; "the time of year for planting"; "he was a great actor is his time" • S: (n) time (a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something) "take time to smell the roses"; "I didn't have time to finish"; "it took more than half my time" • S: (n) time (a suitable moment) "it is time to go" • S: (n) time (the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past) • S: (n) clock time, time (the time as given by a clock) "do you know what time it is?"; "the time is 10 o'clock" • S: (n) fourth dimension, time (the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event) • S: (n) time (a person's experience on a particular occasion) "he had a time holding back the tears"; "they had a good time together" • S: (n) meter, metre, time (rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration) • S: (n) prison term, sentence, time (the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned) "he served a prison term of 15 months"; "his sentence was 5 to 10 years"; "he is doing time in the county jail"

7. Time Representation in SUMO WordNet N1 maps to SUMO “Process” • Appearance as argument number 1 • documentationProcess "Intuitively, the class of things that happen and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events like a football match or a race, actions like Pursuing and Reading, and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that lasts for a time but is not an Object. Note that a Process may have participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages roughly perpendicular to the time-axis.“ • subclassProcessPhysical From http://sigma2.cim3.net:8080/sigma/Browse.jsp?term=Process&kb=SUMO

8. SUMO “Process” Examples • Appearance as argument number 2 (1 of 5) • subclass DualObjectProcess Process • dual object process is a subclass of process • Appearance as argument number 3 (1 of 27) • domain agent 1 Process • the number 1 argument of agent is an instance of process

9. SUMO “Process” Examples • Antecedent (1 of 4) (=> (and (instance ?PROC Process) (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC)) (exists (?TIME) (time ?SUBPROC ?TIME))) • if ?PROC is an instance of process and ?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC, then there exists ?TIME so that ?SUBPROC exists during ?TIME

10. Questions to consider • Ontolog group’s focus on interoperability needs of NHIN & FHA architects, • How should ontologies enable the interoperability of patient health records? • How should existing and prospective health domain ontologies and taxonomies be aligned with upper ontologies to improve the accuracy of conceptual information transfer ? • Especially among systems using different domain knowledge representations.