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National Energy Technology Laboratory

US Department of Energy’s Energy-Water RD&D Program Presented at Bi-regional North America and Latin America and the Caribbean WEC Forum Mexico City, Mexico November 3-4, 2008. National Energy Technology Laboratory. Only DOE national lab dedicated to fossil energy

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National Energy Technology Laboratory

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  1. US Department of Energy’s Energy-Water RD&D Program Presented atBi-regional North America and Latin America and the Caribbean WEC ForumMexico City, MexicoNovember 3-4, 2008

  2. National Energy Technology Laboratory • Only DOE national lab dedicated to fossil energy • Fossil fuels provide 85% of U.S. energy supply • One lab, five locations, one management structure • ~1,200 Federal and support-contractor employees • Research spans fundamental science to technology demonstrations Alaska West Virginia Oklahoma Pennsylvania Oregon

  3. Water is critical to operation and permitting of thermoelectric power plants, as well as in production of fossil energy CO2 capture and storage has potential implications on water availability and quality Fossil-based energy use and production will compete for limited water resources with other use sectors including agriculture, domestic, and industrial DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) actively engaged in fossil energy-water research, development and demonstration and supporting systems analysis and data management NETL’s RD&D is part of broader U.S. national laboratory effort directed at the link between energy and water Key Points

  4. ~76% of Mexico’s electricity generated by thermoelectric power plants Energy-Water Situation in Mexico Water Use in Mexico Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency Source: Estadisticas del Agua en Mexico, 2007 Source: Water and Climate in Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico

  5. U.S. Population Growth and Water Availability

  6. +165% +41% +79% +106% +63% Drought Conditions and Regional Thermoelectric Generation Capacity Increases Regional thermoelectric generation capacity by North American Electric Reliability Council Region Sources: US Energy Information Agency & US Department of Agriculture

  7. Most States Expect Water Shortages Over Next Decade Source: GAO 2003 Source: US Government Accountability Office2003

  8. Approx. 90% of current and future electricity generation is thermoelectric U.S. Electricity Generation by Fuel Type Reference: Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Outlook 2008 (June 2008 Release)

  9. Thermoelectric Generation & Water • 2000 thermoelectric water • requirements: • Withdrawal: ~ 136 BGD • Consumption: ~ 4 BGD • Thermoelectric power plants compete with other use sectors. Sources: USGS, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000, USGS Circular 1268, March 2004 USGS, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995, USGS Circular 1200, 1998

  10. Water Flow Schematic for Power Plants

  11. DOE/NETL Water-Energy RD&D Activities Power Generation • Alternative “non-traditional” water sources • Advanced cooling, recovery/reuse, and treatment technology • Systems and engineering analysis Oil & Gas Exploration • Water management technology • Coal bed methane and produced • water • Systems and engineering analysis Water Availability & Quality Issues Carbon Capture & Storage • Geological sequestration • CO2 capture technology • Systems and engineering analysis

  12. With aquifers under stress, Fla. turns to desalination Greenwire, June 2008 U.S. Supreme Court to hear case on power plant cooling methods McClatchy-Tribune Regional News, April 2008 Drought Could Force Nuke-Plant Shutdowns The Associated Press, January 2008 Sinking Water and Rising Tensions EnergyBiz Insider, December 2007 Stricter Standards Apply to Coal Plant, Judge Rules; Activists Want Cooling Towers for Oak Creek Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, November 2007 Journal-Constitution Opposes Coal-Based Plant, Citing Water Shortage The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, October 2007 Maryland County Denies Cooling Water to Proposed power plant E-Water News Weekly, October 2007 Water/Energy-Related ArticlesImpacts on Power Plant Siting and Operation May 2006 Issue of Power Magazine

  13. 30 gpm/MW net 25.7 25 22.3 20 Water Withdrawal, gpm/MW net 15 11.3 9.9 9.7 8.2 8.0 8.8 10 6.3 6.0 6.0 4.5 5 0 GE CoP Shell Subcritical Supercritical NGCC Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Pulverized Coal Natural Gas Combined Cycle WITHOUT CO2 WITH CO2 Source: Coal and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Power Plants, Volume 1: Bituminous Coal and Natural Gas to Electricity; NETL, May 2007 Power Plant Water Withdrawal Requirementswith and without CO2 capture

  14. SCR Wet FGD NETL Water Management RD&D Water recovery Evaporation & Drift Offset freshwater use with non-traditional water sources Turbine Generator Scaling control Make-Up Water Warm Water CoolingTower Steam Moiststack gas Cool Water Steam Condenser Blowdown Water Condensate Water recovery from flue gas Make-up Water Coal drying/ Water recovery ESP or FF Air Heater Coal Stack Air Pollution Control Devices

  15. U.S. on-shore volume of oil & gas produced waters estimated at 14 billion barrels in 2002 Average 9.5 bbl produced water per bbl oil in 2002 Older stripper wells average 10 to 20 bbl/bbl Water Requirements for Oil Shale Production Fossil Fuel Production and Water Oil & Gas Production – Produced Water • In situ conversion processes consume ~ 0.6 barrel water per barrel oil equivalent produced Water Requirements for Oil Sands Production • Mining extraction • Approx. 2.0 to 4.5 barrels water per barrel oil produced • In-situ extraction • Approx. 0.5 barrels water per barrel oil produced in 2006 compared to 3.5 bbl/bbl in 1985

  16. 60 50 40 Billion Gallons 30 20 10 0 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 Corn Grain Wood Residues Wheat Straw Corn Stover Ded. Energy Crop Water Demand for Biofuels • Some water for biofuel crops such as corn will come from rainfall, but rest will come from irrigation • Impact on overall consumptive use of water dependent upon what biofuel crop is being grown, and where it is grown • Irrigated corn requires 2,000-4,000 gallons/bushel Source: Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States, National Research Council, 2008

  17. Key Takeaways Water and energy interconnected Water critical to operation of existing thermoelectric power plants and siting/permitting of new plants Deployment of CO2 capture and storagetechnology could impactwater availability and quality Water impacts associated with oil & gas, tar sands, oil shale and biofuels production DOE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory actively engaged in energy-water research and supporting systems analysis and data management “Whiskey is for drinking; water is for fighting.” – Mark Twain

  18. To Find Out More About NETL’s Energy-Water R&D http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/water/index.html http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/EP_Technologies/Environmental/Env_Science/water.html

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