U.S. History Unit 7 Notes

1. U.S. History Unit 7 Notes

2. The Progressive Agenda. • Progressives had four major goals • Protecting Social Welfare - Promoting Moral Improvement - Creating Economic Reform - Fostering Efficiency

3. Protecting Social Welfare • Some believed that morality rather than the workplace held the key to improving the lives of the poor • Felt poor should uplift selves by improving own behavior • Prohibition - banning of alcoholic drinks • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union spearheaded prohibition crusade

4. Protecting Social Welfare • Progressives wanted to help people deal with the harsh conditions of industrialization. - Social Gospel: Christian movement to improve the standard of living for those living in poverty, and change society’s standards. • Jane Addam’s and Hull House: Sought to establish housing for immigrants and families living in poverty. • Florence Kelley – became a political activist advocate for women & children - Helped pass law prohibiting child labor & limiting women’s hours in the workplace.

5. Vocabulary • Populism - A political movement that sought to reform government corruption, led by James B. Weaver and Mary Elizabeth Lease. The goal was to help farmers and wage earners, but it was unsuccessful.  • 18th Amendment - This Amendment outlawed the unlawful consumption, production, and sale of alcohol. • Hull House - This was a settlement house system that was set up to benefit those living in poverty and immigrants. • Jane Addams - Early progressive figure that wanted to help provide housing for those living in poverty and immigrants.

6. Creating Economic Reform • Journalists who exposed corruption in politics & business became known as Muckrakers. • Ida Tarbell attacked John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil for using cut throat businesses practices to eliminate competition.

7. The Muckrakers • Food, drug advertisements made false claims& medicines were often unsafe • Muckrakers - Writers who exposed corruption in American society • Exposed unhappy practices in the food industry • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle - unsanitary conditions in meatpacking • Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up Sinclair’s account • Forced government to pass the laws

8. The Muckrakers • Pure Food and Drug Act halted sale of contaminated food & medicine - required truth in labeling FDA • Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act - dictated sanitary requirements - Created federal meat inspection program (USDA) • These laws gave government inspectors the power to enforce safety and health standards in the making and selling of food and medicine

9. American Socialist Party • EugeneV.Debs (1855-1926), of Indiana, had worked as a young man on the railroads. After being elected to the Indiana legislature in 1893, he edited a labor magazine and organized the American Railway Union. • His activities in the Pullman Strike led to his arrest and imprisonment • in prison Debs adopted socialism, and for the rest of his life he championed socialist political solutions to American economic problems. • In 1920, while in jail for opposing World War I, he ran for president and received more than 900,000 votes. Photographed in 1909.

10. EOCT REVIEW • Explain Ida Tarbell’s role as a muckraker. 7. Who was Ida Tarbell? 8. What was a Muckraker? 9. How did they change American society?

11. EOCT REVIEW • SSUSH13: The student will identify major efforts to reform American society and politics in the Progressive Era. • Explain Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle and federal oversight of the meatpacking industry. 1. Who was Upton Sinclair? 2. What affects did The Jungle have on federal oversight on food and drug processing? • Identify Jane Addams and Hull House and describe the role of women in reform movements. 3. Who was Jade Addams? What was the Hull House?

12. Vocabulary • Muckrakers - Journalist or Authors that pointed out many of the wrongs in American society, especially with government and big business. • Ida Tarbell - Journalist that pointed the corrupt business practices used by John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil. This eventually led to antitrust legislation being passed. • Upton Sinclair- Author that pointed out the unsafe and unsanitary business practices within the Meat-Packing Industry. • Pure Food and Drug Act- Legislation passed to ensure that the food and medicine industry improved safe and sanitary practices. It also made it mandatory for labels to be placed on all food and drug items. • Socialism - A political movement led by Eugene V. Debbs that wanted to take the power of business out of the hands of business owners, and give it to the Federal Government.

13. Fostering Efficiency • Assembly lines were used to speed up production - Made people work like machines - Caused higher worker turnover • Henry Ford reduced workday to 8 hours & paid employees $5 a day to prevent turnover

16. Protecting Working Children • Child workers received lower wages - Small hands handled small parts better - Families need children’s wages • National Child Labor Committee gathered evidence of harsh conditions - Accidents & diseases caused by overwork • Labor unions argue children’s wages lower all wages • Groups pressed government to ban child labor & cut hours • Convinced most states to pass legislation banning child labor and setting maximum hours

17. EOCT REVIEW • Describe the significance of progressive reforms such as the initiative, recall, and referendum; direct election of senators; reform of labor laws; and efforts to improve living conditions for the poor in cities. 10. What are the following political reforms: - Initiative - Recall - Referendum - Direct election of senators - Reform of labor laws 11. What progressive reforms improved living conditions for poor people in cities?

18. Reforming Elections • Oregon adopted secret ballot, initiative, referendum, recall • Initiative—bill proposed by people, not lawmakers, put on ballots • Referendum—voters, not legislature, decide if initiative becomes law • Recall—voters remove elected official through early election • Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to choose candidates • Direct Election of Senators • Became law in 1913 (17th amendment)

19. Progressive Reforms • 16tthAmendment • Congress wanted to figure out a way to increase the federal government’s revenue. • This gave Congress the power to collect taxes on the income of businesses and individuals. • Congress also felt this would curb corrupt business practices that kept tons of money in the hands of big business owners while paying very little to laborers. • Progressives also wanted to see more money from business go to the government so that it could afford to expand and regulate more of society. • Federal Reserve Act • Established the Federal Reserve of the United States. • This divided the US into 12 banking regions that would keep an eye on money and the money supply in the United States.

20. Women's Suffrage • Women reformers targeted workplace, housing, education, food, & drugs • National Association of Colored Women (NACW) - Goal was the moral education of the race was with which they were identified - Managed nurseries reading rooms, & kindergartens • Susan B. Anthony of National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA) - worked for woman suffrage, or right to vote

21. Vocabulary • Initiative - This allowed individuals to place an issue before the voters, or allowed voters to write in a change they wanted to make. • Referendum - This allowed voters to accept or reject proposed legislation. • Recall - This allowed the people to remove an official from office. • 17th Amendment- This Amendment allowed the U.S. people to directly elect Senators. • 16th Amendment - This Amendment set up a Federal Income Tax in the United States.

22. United Sates expands overseas • 1906 - Fleet of 16 U.S. battleships sail around the world • Showed the world that the U.S. was a power to be reckoned with • Important step in expanding America's international interest

23. Power in the Pacific • U.S. always had interest in Pacific - 1853 - U.S. navy landed in Tokyo Bay - Led by Commodore Matthew Perry • He carried a letter from President Millard Fillmore • U.S. wanted Japan to open ports to American trade - Carried gifts - Made it clear that Japan should not refuse president's request

24. Interest in China • U.S. joined other countries in competing for control of China - Saw China as vast potential market for investment & opportunity • France, Britain, Japan, Russia had settlements, & spheres of influence • U.S. came up with trade policy • U.S. Secretary of State John Hay issued Open Door notes • Open Door Policy - no single country had a monopoly on trade with China - Notes ask imperialist nations to share trading rights with U.S. - Other powers reluctantly agree

25. Seward and Expansion • William Seward – Served as Secretary of State under Lincoln & Johnson - Tried to gain new lands for U.S. • 1867 - Arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million - Had trouble convincing House to fund purchase - Alaska called “Seward’s Icebox,” “Seward’s Folly” - Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil

26. Seward and Expansion • 1867 - ordered navy to occupy the Midway Islands in the Pacific Ocean - Valuable as a Fueling station to refuel ships - Also wanted to add the Hawaiian Islands • Arranged for the U.S. to buy the Virgin Islands from Denmark (Didn't actually occur until 1917)

27. The Annexation of Hawaii • 1790s - U.S. merchants began stopping in Hawaii on way to China, India • Early 1800's - Christian missionaries moved to Hawaii to convert the people - Yankee missionaries founded schools & churches on islands - Many of the missionaries’ descendants became wealthy sugar and pineapple planters - They controlled the government • Mid-1800s, American-owned sugar plantations 75% of islands’ wealth • 1887, businessmen force King Kalakaua to limit vote to landowners • 1887, U.S. pressures Hawaii to allow naval base at Pearl Harbor - Became refueling station • 1891 - Queen Liliuokalani came to power - She wanted to regain control of the island - Tried to remove landowning requirement

28. The Annexation of Hawaii • Planters called the U.S. government for help • Hawaii was valuable refueling station • U.S. sent marines • - Marines and planters overthrew Queen • Set up an independent republic - Sanford Dole named president • Hawaii asked to be annexed by the U.S. - Grover Cleveland didn't want to annex it - President Cleveland cannot make Dole surrender power to queen - recognized Republic of Hawaii • 1898 – Hawaii was annexed following the Spanish American War S- Congress proclaimed Hawaii a U.S. territory under President McKinley

29. The Annexation of Hawaii • Hawaii asked to be annexed by the U.S. - Grover Cleveland didn't want to annex it - President Cleveland cannot make Dole surrender power to queen - recognized Republic of Hawaii • 1898 – Hawaii was annexed following the Spanish American War S- Congress proclaimed Hawaii a U.S. territory under President McKinley

30. The Spanish-American War In 1898, the United States goes to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain.

31. Reasons for American Expansion • New ideas - Charles Darwin - survival of the fittest - Social Darwinism - Americans believed that their society was superior and would spread throughout the world • People argued the U.S. had duty to Christianize or civilize “inferior peoples” - Also used to support racism

32. Reasons for American Expansion • U.S developed a desire for Desire for military strength - Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build up navy to compete - U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third largest naval power • Imperialism - policy of extending control over weaker nations - European countries practiced this in the 1700's and 1800's • 1800s - Europeans divided up most of Africa & competed for China • Japan joined race for China & U.S. decided to expand overseas • U.S. didn't want to do this in the beginning - Once colonies ourselves - Couldn't afford a war • Our attitude changed in the late 1800's for several reasons - Nationalism - U.S. united again following Civil War - People wanted to be a world power - Needed colonies to be one

33. Reasons for American Expansion • Foreign Markets - people wanted new markets for American goods - U.S. farms, factories produced more than Americans could consume - U.S. needed raw materials& new markets for goods - Foreign trade was the solution to overproduction, unemployment, & depression - Began exporting more than we were I mporting

34. Rebellion against Spain • Spain's empire was crumbling - Had once controlled most of the Americas - Late 1800's - Spain had only a few colonies • Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Philippines began wanting independence

35. Rebellion against Spain • Two papers fighting for customers (circulation war) - The World owned by Joseph Pulitzer - Journal owned by William Randolph Hearst • They wrote sensationalized writing stories to attract customers - Calledyellow journalism

36. America goes to War • President McKinley didn't want to go to war - He had fought in the Civil War • Public pressure forced McKinley to take action against Spain - He demanded that Spain stop its harsh treatment of Cubans - Spain sent general Weyler home but didn't stop treatment • February 9, 1898 - U.S. recovered a private letter written by a Spanish minister named Enrique Dupuy de Lôme - He called President McKinley weak - Spain apologized & de Lôme resigned - American public remained angry

37. America goes to War • U.S.S. Maine sent to pick up U.S. citizens, protect U.S. property - The Maine exploded in Havana Harbor - U.S. blames Spain - "Remember the Maine” became war cry • April 29, 1898 - President McKinley declared Cuba independent -The Spanish- American War began

38. Pacific War • U.S. entered war to fight for Cuba's freedom • 1st battle takes place half way around the world • - Manila Bay in the Philippines • Before war Teddy Roosevelt sent fleet of ships to Hong Kong • Led by Commodore George Dewy • May 1, 1898 - battle takes place - Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, supported Dewey - Over 300 Spanish killed and defeated - Dewey became hero in U.S - Bubble gum named after him (Dewey's Cheweys).

39. The War in the Caribbean • The War in the Caribbean • U.S. only had 28,000 men when war started - 200,000 signed up within 6 months • Teddy Roosevelt picked a group of soldiers known as the "Rough Riders - Chose a diverse group - Cowboys, N.Y. City policemen, athletes, and American Indians • They set sail for Cuba from Tampa, Florida - Had to wear wool uniforms (lightweight informs hadn't arrived yet) - Food spoiled in the heat - Men became sick

40. The War in the Caribbean • U.S. wanted to capture the port of Santiago - Had to control San Juan Hill to do this • Rough Riders attacked and took San Juan Hill - Didn't have horses (they were left behind in Florida) - Roosevelt declared hero of attack on strategic San Juan Hill - Aug. 12 1898 - Spain signs truce

41. The War in the Caribbean • U.S. only had 28,000 men when war started - 200,000 signed up within 6 months • Teddy Roosevelt picked a group of soldiers known as the • Rough Riders" - Chose a diverse group • - Cowboys, N.Y. City policemen, athletes, and American Indians • Rough Riders attacked and took San Juan Hill - Didn't have horses (they were left behind in Florida) - Roosevelt declared hero of attack on strategic San Juan Hill - Aug. 12 1898 - Spain signs truce

43. Treaty of Paris • August 12, 1898 – Spain & U.S. signed armistice • Met in Paris to make treaty • U.S. shocked Spain at the treaty signing in France - Demanded the Spain hand over Puerto Rico, the island of Guam, and the Philippines (war had been fought over Cuba) - Spain didn't have any choice • Spain freed Cuba; handed Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S. & sold Philippines • Treaty of Paris touched off a great debate over imperialism - McKinley tried to justify annexation of Philippines on moral grounds - Opponents gave political, moral, economic arguments against

45. Results of the War • Guamwas controlled by the U.S. navy • President McKinley decided that the Philippines should become an American Colony - Philippines wanted independence - Revolted against the U.S. - 1902 - U.S. troops finally restored order • July 4, 1946, Philippines became independent

46. Results of the War • Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory • Had its own elected legislature and a governor chosen by the president • 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; elect both houses • U.S. didn't grant Cuba independence immediately - Cuba had to agree to the Platt Amendment - It gave the U.S. the right interfere in Cuban affairs when there was a threat to life, property, and individual liberty - Cuba had to allow an American naval base at Guantanamo Bay until 1999

47. EOCT REVIEW • Describe the Spanish-American War, the war in the Philippines, and the debate over American expansionism. 14. What were the major events of the Spanish-American War? What did the US gain from it? 15. What happened during the war in the Philippines? 16. What is expansionism? How did these events change America?

48. Vocabulary • Isolationism - Belief that it was not in the best interest of the United States to acquire and exercise control in foreign territories. • Imperialism - A growing belief that the United States needed to look beyond its own borders and aquire more territory. • USS Maine - An American ship blown up in while anchored in a Cuban Harbor. This led to Journalist claiming Spain had done this and lead to the Spanish-American War. • Platt Amendment- This amendment put limits on what the Cuban government could do, gave the US two naval bases in Cuba, and allowed for US intervention in the region whenever the US believed it was necessary.

49. Theodore Roosevelt… As president, Theodore Roosevelt works to give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms

50. Roosevelt’s Career.. • Fought against Spain in Cuba (Rough Riders) • Became governor of New York - Tried to clean up government - Pushed through a civil service law - Hired qualified people • NY political bosses couldn’t control him,& urged him to run for vice-president • 1900 – William McKinley won reelection - Roosevelt became Vice- President