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Typological Dating and Chronology

Typological Dating and Chronology. Goals for the Day. Understand how stratigraphy is used to separate out pottery Understand the basics of ceramic typology Understand how ceramic typology is used to compare strata from different sites Hazor will be used as a “case study”.

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Typological Dating and Chronology

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  1. Typological Dating and Chronology

  2. Goals for the Day • Understand how stratigraphy is used to separate out pottery • Understand the basics of ceramic typology • Understand how ceramic typology is used to compare strata from different sites • Hazor will be used as a “case study”

  3. Stratigraphy and ceramic typology • Earlier we talked about stratigraphy • this is used to separate layers at a particular site • but we still need to compare strata from other sites • Ceramic typology allows for the relative chronology between different sites • We identify all of the pottery from different loci (or layers) from one stratum and compare with other strata

  4. Our Goal: identify pottery in strata Modern Stratum Stratum I Stratum II

  5. Step 1: pottery is cleaned

  6. Step 2: pottery is sorted and labeled

  7. Step 3: pottery is analyzed & drawn

  8. Step 4: complete forms are studied

  9. Step 5: comparison is made to other sites • start with pottery from identified strata at one site • after these forms are analyzed, then you compare with other sites • you want to identify similarities between strata at different sites • the similar strata allow you to construct a relative chronology

  10. Ceramic Typology(Late Bronze pottery)

  11. Evolution of the Cooking Pot • Example of Form • Example of Form Variant • Example of Ware • Example of Manufacture

  12. Philistine Pottery • decoration • form • form variant • manufacture • ware

  13. Form • “form” describes function • cooking pot • storage jars • milk bowl • beer jug • most forms occurs throughout history of tel • forms in Palestine / Israel are agrarian

  14. Form Variant • assume that items develop over time • we see this in an automobile • we also see this in items like modern pots • forms develop over time (like cooking pot) • some are radical changes and some subtle

  15. Decoration • Not as important in Palestinian / Israelite archaeology (but compare others) • Burnishing • in MB IIA: fine burnishing • in IA II: interior burnishing on wheel • Painting: esp. important in Philistine forms • Other incisions, etc.

  16. Ware • appearance AND composition of clay • pottery skill varies over time • also includes study of provenance of clay

  17. Manufacture • study of the method pottery was constructed • this is different from form • what are some of the inherent difficulties? • this study is also helpful for identifying workshops

  18. Case Study: Hazor and Ceramic Typology • The article we read used Hazor as the site base for the relative chronology • The authors also constructed an absolute chronology: how and what does this mean? • We will go through their argument for the purpose of understanding how ceramic typology is used • our purpose is not to test their argument • N.B.: their argument will be challenged in the Tel Aviv low chronology

  19. Aharoni and Amiran’s Chronology • X and IX: 950-875 B.C.E. • VIII: 875-841 B.C.E. • VII: 841-815 B.C.E. • VI: 815-765 B.C.E. • V: 765-732 B.C.E. • IV: end of 8th - early 7th

  20. Comparison of different sites Cypro-Phonecian • after IA II • not clear • until IA III

  21. Cooking pots: a clear distinction • Early Shallow Type: Hazor VIII and earlier • Late Shallow Type: Hazor VII and later • Deep Type: only in Judah • eighth century type (cf. Tell Beit Mirsim = Lachish Level III) • seventh century type (cf. Lachish Level II)

  22. Early Shallow Types Hazor, Area A Stratum VIII Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum B3

  23. Late Shallow Types:Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A1

  24. Late Shallow Type:Hazor Strata VIII and later

  25. Deep Type: Tell Beit Mirsim

  26. Comparing Strata: conclusions

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