England from 1603-1688

1. England from 1603-1688 • James I 1603-1625 • Charles I 1625-1649 • Civil War 1642-1649 • Oliver Cromwell 1649-1658 • Richard Cromwell 1658-1660 • Charles II 1660-1685 • James II 1685- 1688 • William & Mary 1689

2. James I 1603-1625 • Also James VI of Scotland • Great Grandson of Henry VII • Divine Right of Kings • “King is from God and the Law is from the King”

3. James’ Problems • Clashed with Puritans who wished to “purify” the Anglican Church • Parliament resented James’ Divine Right philosophy • Puritans were a powerful group in the Parliament • Parliament controlled legitimate means to raise taxes

4. Charles I 1635-1649

5. Charles I, son of James I • Believed in Divine Right • Still squabbled with Parliament and Puritans • Had financial problems • Demanded forced loans from his subjects • Quartered troops in private homes at owners expense

6. CI- Petition of Right 1628 • Parliament forced Charles I to accept the “petition of right” before voting him new funds • Petition of right declared illegal: • Quartering of troops in private homes • Forced loans without consent of parliament • Imprisonment without specific charge • Declaration of martial law in time of peace

7. Petition cont. • Charles actually ruled without calling another parliament from 1629-1640

8. CI’s religious policies were unpopular • Forced Puritans to conform to the Church of England • Charles I relaxed restrictions against Roman Catholics • 1637 Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, tried to force Anglicanism on Scotland • Charles had to summon Parliament in 1640 to raise money for war preparation against the Scots.

9. Parliaments response • Parliament refused to raise funds until the King responded to a list of grievances • Charles I dissolved the Parliament after only three weeks • The Scots then attacked Charles inadequate army, Charles agreed to pay the Scots to withdraw again called Parliament • This led to the Long Parliament

10. Long Parliament 1640-1660 • Parliament forced the King to accept a whole series of measures to limit his Royal Power • In 1642, King Charles tried to prevent further Parliamentary action by ordering the arrest of five of the leaders of Parliament in opposition to the King

11. Civil War 1642-1649 • King Vs. Parliament • King: Cavaliers • Parliament: Round heads

12. Oliver Cromwell Commonwealth 1648-1653 Protectorate 1653-1660

13. English Civil War 1642-1649

14. Archbishop William Laud • In 1637 against the opposition of the English Puritans as well as the Scots, Laud tried to impose upon Scotland the English Episcopal system and a prayer book almost identical to the English Book of Common Prayer • The Scots rebelled and Charles I with insufficient funds for a war was forced to call Parliament

15. Short Parliament 1640-1640 • Led by John Pym, Parliament refused even to consider funds for war until the King agreed to address Parliament’s grievances. • The King in response immediately dissolved the Parliament • When the Scottish army defeated the English at the battle of Newburn, Charles reconvened Parliament.

16. Long Parliament • Laud tried and later executed • No new taxes without consent of Parliament • Parliament called at least every three years (triennial act) • December 1641 Parliament presents Charles I with the Grand Remonstrance- a list of grievances against the crown

17. Civil War • Puritans vs. Roundheads • In January 1642, the King invade Parliament with his soldiers • Pym and the other leaders had been warned and they escaped

18. Parliament vs. the King • Two factors led to Parliaments victory over the King: • Parliaments alliance with Scotland, John Pym persuaded Parliament to accept the terms of the Solemn League and Covenant. This agreement committed Parliament to a Presbyterian system of Church government. • The reorganization of the Parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell-Independent

19. Victory over the King • Cromwell’s New Model Army won a decisive victory over the King at the battle of Naesby 1645.

20. 2nd Civil War • In December 1648, Colonel Thomas Pride of the New Model Army barred the Presbyterians from the Parliament. • After Pride’s Purge only a rump of 50 Independents remained in Parliament • After a trial by a special court, the Rump Parliament executed Charles-and abolished the Monarchy, the House of Lords and the Anglican Church

21. Republic 1649-1653 • Cromwell ruled a Puritan Republic • During this time Cromwell’s army conquered Ireland and Scotland • During this time OC also passed the first Navigation Acts

22. Protectorate 1653-1660 • In 1653 the HOC considered disbanding Cromwell’s expensive army, Cromwell responded by marching in and disbanding Parliament. He ruled thereafter as Lord Protector. • Cromwell was as intolerant of Anglicans as Charles had been of Puritans. The English people resented his puritanical laws. • By 1658 the English were ready to end their Puritan/republican experiment and bring back the monarchy

23. Henry IV 1589-1610

24. Apotheosis of Henry IV and the regency of Marie De Medici 1610 (By Rubens)

25. Louis XIII r. 1610-1643 Cardinal Richilieu Prime Minister 1629- 1642

26. Richilieu’s Legacy • Laid the foundation for expanded royal authority • Created strong resentment for the monarchy by the nobility

27. Louis XIV (mother Queen Anne)

28. The Fronde 1649-1652 • Series of widespread Noble rebellions • Begun by the Parlement of Paris in 1649 • The chaos of the Fronde convinced most French people that the rule of a strong King was preferred

29. Divine Right of Kings • Bishop Bossuet • Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture (1679) • It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving his right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including (in the view of some, especially in Protestant countries) the church. According to this doctrine, since only God can judge an unjust king, the king can do no wrong. • King’s had to obey God’s Laws and rule for the good of the people.

30. Complete Domestication of the Nobility • Louis sought to exercise complete control over the powerful social class that had historically opposed the centralizing goals of the French Monarchy. • What Louis XIV had actually achieved was the cooperation of the nobility

31. Louis’ personal rule 1661-1715 • Louis did not replace Mazarin after he died in 1661 • Strategies used by Louis to insure his power: • Use of Propaganda “sun King” • Ensured French Nobles would benefit from the growth of his own authority • Claim Divine Right of Kings • Crush Religious Dissent • Domesticated the Nobility at Versailles

32. Versailles • The art and architecture of Versailles served as fundamental tools if state policy under Louis XIV. • The King used architecture to overawe his subjects and foreign visitors.

33. Count Saint-Simon • Louis XIV reduced everyone to subjection, and brought to his court those he cared very least about. Whoever was old enough to serve did not dare demur. It was still another device to ruin the nobles by accustoming them to equality and forcing them to mingle with everyone indiscriminately… Louis XIV took great pains to inform himself on what was happening everywhere, in public places, in private homes, and even on the international scene…Spies and informers of all kinds were numberless…But the King’s most vicious method of securing information was by opening letters.

34. The Golden Cage • By excluding the highest nobles from his councils, he weakened their ancient right to advise the king and to participate in the government; they became mere instruments of royal policy. • Louis XIV separated power from status and grandeur: he secured the nobles’ cooperation, and the nobles enjoyed the status and grandeur in which they lived. • By 1685 France was the strongest and most highly centralized state in Europe.

35. Versailles

36. Colbert Louis XIV finance minister • Created the economic base that Louis needed to fight his wars • Mercantilism • Limit imports, maximize exports • Accumulate gold and silver

37. Financial and economic management under Louis XIV: Colbert Finance was the grave weakness of Louis XIV’s absolutism Tax farmers-agents who purchased from the crown the right to collect taxes in a particular district-pocketed difference between what was collected and what was given to the state. The king could freely tax the common people provided he did not tax the nobles

38. Colbert and Mercantilism Colbert’s central principle was that the wealth and the economy of France should serve the state. Mercantilism is a collection is a collection of governmental policies for the regulation of economic activities , especially for commercial activities , by and for the state. A nation’s international power was thought to be based on its wealth, specifically its gold supply.

39. Positive Balance of Trade To accumulate gold, a country always had to sell more goods abroad than it bought. Colbert insisted that the French sell abroad and buy nothing back. France should be self sufficient, able to produce within its borders everything the subjects of the French King needed. To ensure a high quality finished product, Colbert set up a system of state inspection and regulation. Colbert encouraged skilled foreign craftsmen and manufacturers to immigrate to France, he built roads and canals, he enacted high foreign tariffs which prevented foreign products from competing with French ones.

40. Colbert’s Success He had great success in the development of manufacturing. Peasants were mercilessly taxed A totally inadequate tax base and Louis XIV’s heavy expenditure for war made Colbert’s goals unattainable.

41. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 1685 In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes. The new law ordered the destruction of Huguenot Churches, the closing of Huguenot schools, the catholic baptism of Huguenots, and the exile of Huguenot pastors who refused to renounce their faith “one king, one law, one faith” Louis hated division within his kingdom and insisted that religious unity was essential to his royal dignity and the security of the state.

42. The Wars of Louis XIV • The long-range objective of French foreign policy during the reign of Louis XIV was to achieve what he called the “natural frontiers” of France:the Pyrenees, the alps, and the Rhine river. • To extend French power to the Rhine involved acquiring territories ruled by German Princes plus the conquest of the Spanish Netherlands and the United Provinces. • French Foreign Policy from 1648 to 1715 • The French attempt to conquer the territories west of the Rhine involved France in four wars. France was opposed by a different coalition of European states in each war. These coalitions were trying to preserve the Balance of Power in Europe.

44. The War of Devolution 1667-1668 The war of Devolution 1667-1668 Louis XIV contended that the Spanish Netherlands belonged to his wife by the custom of Devolution. French armies invaded Flanders and Franche-Comte. England, the United Provinces, and Sweden formed the triple alliance to counterbalance France  Louis, wishing to avoid a prolonged war against a coalition, arranged a compromise treaty, the Peace of Aix La Chapelle France received eleven border towns from the Spanish Netherlands but abandoned Franche-Comte

46. The Dutch war 1672-1678 Followed Dutch boasting that they had defeated and humbled Louis. • Louis first isolated the Dutch diplomatically by bribing the English to leave the triple alliance (Treaty of Dover 1670) and arranging Swedish neutrality by similar means. • The Dutch were divided internally by the debate over whether the United Provinces should be a decentralized republic or a centralized hereditary monarchy ruled by William of Orange. • As the Dutch were debating, Louis invaded. The Dutch murdered the proponent of a Republic and entrusted the defense of the country to William of Orange. • Again the French invaded Flanders and Franche-Comte and again the European powers formed an alliance to check the French.

48. Dutch war, cont. • The new alliance included: The Holy Roman Empire, Denmark, Spain, and the Electorate of Brandenburg • In 1677 William of Orange married Mary, the daughter of King James II of England. • Louis thought this marriage would draw England into the war against France so peace negotiations were begun. • Treaty of Nimwegen • France received all of Franche-Comte and more border towns in the Spanish Netherlands.

50. The War of the League of Augsburg 1688-1697 • The inexact terminology of earlier peace treaties left the control of various territories in the vicinity of the Rhine in doubt. • Louis took possession of Alsace and Luxemburg. • This spurred yet another alliance to protect the European Balance of Power-the League of Augsburg • Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Sweden and several of the German States. When the English Glorious revolution of 1688 placed William of Orange as the King of England, England and the United Provinces joined the League. • The French were initially successful, but the French could not match the combined English and Dutch fleets. The league could not muster the strength necessary to invade France. The Peace of Ryswick (1697) resulted from this stalemate.