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Optics

Optics. Thomas Young (1773 - 1829). Christiaan Huygens (1629 - 1695). Wave Optics Diffraction & Interference. Ripple Tank. Diffraction is a characteristic of wave dynamics. Diffraction. “Airy Disk” Diffraction Pattern. Airy Disk. “George Biddell Airy. Interference.

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Optics

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  1. Optics

  2. Thomas Young (1773 - 1829) Christiaan Huygens (1629 - 1695) Wave Optics Diffraction & Interference

  3. Ripple Tank

  4. Diffraction is a characteristic of wave dynamics

  5. Diffraction

  6. “Airy Disk” Diffraction Pattern

  7. Airy Disk “George Biddell Airy

  8. Interference

  9. Constructive interference

  10. Destructive interference

  11. Thomas Young (1773 - 1829)

  12. Single Photon Sources 1 2 e- e- e- e-

  13. Interference

  14. The lens is a light gathering instrument that collects a cone of light emanating from the object

  15. Basic optics: simple thin lens O I

  16. Basic optics: simple thin lens O f I

  17. Basic optics: simple thin lens f O f I 1/I+ 1/O = 1/f mag = -I/O

  18. Image Formation

  19. Image Magnification

  20. Spherical Aberration non-paraxial rays do not meet at the paraxial focus

  21. Spherical Aberration can be reduced by introducing additional carefully designed lenses into the optical path. Each lens element scatters light and costs photons -- resulting in loss of image contrast

  22. Spherical Aberration of a Point Source “Negative” “Zero” “Positive”

  23. Chromatic Aberrations is due to wavelength dependence of refractive index of transparent media Can be reduced by coating lens elements to selectively correct refraction of various wavelengths

  24. lenses corrected for achromatic aberration uncorrected achromatic semi-apochromatic apochromatic

  25. Objective lenses

  26. Single Lens Imaging System

  27. Anatomy of a Compound Microscope trinocular tube eye piece objective turret stand stage substage condenser base lamp housing

  28. Nomenclature

  29. Correction collars

  30. Robert Hooke (1635 - 1703) Built one of the first useful compound microscopes Observed structure of cork Coined the term “Cell”. Published Micrographia (1665)

  31. 1665 Hooke publishes Micrographia 1678 van Leeuwenhoek observes protozoa (“little animals”) 1838-9 Schleiden & Schwann proposed “Cell Theory” 1860 Pasteur confirms Cell Theory 1931 Ruska invents electron microscope 1932 Zerniki develops phase contrast microscopy 1955 Minsky invents the laser scanning microscope (LSM) 1989 Webb, Denk & Strickler invent multiphoton LSM

  32. Light Microscopy “Upright Microscope”

  33. Upright Microscope

  34. Upright Microscope

  35. Objective Lens

  36. Upright Microscope

  37. Upright Microscope

  38. Specimen • Must be “transparent” to visible light • Usually either single cells, or … • A thin section of tissue • Usually “stained” to reveal structures of interest

  39. Image is NOT Everything The image is the product of the interaction of incident light with the object. Light must INTERACT with the object Light interacts with objects through wave-like and particle-like properties.

  40. Magnification vs Resolution Low Mag More Mag High Mag Whoa Baby !

  41. Diffraction pattern of a saw blade

  42. Diffraction through a grating

  43. Diffraction through a grating

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