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A.P. Psychology

Explore the nuances between language and speech, distinguish language disorders, delve into language structure, phonetic alphabet, and key milestones in language development from infancy to early childhood.

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A.P. Psychology

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  1. A.P. Psychology Chapter 8 Language and Thought

  2. Language vs. Speech • Language • made up of socially shared rules that include the following: • What words mean • How to make new words • How to put words together • What word combinations are best in what situations • Speech • the verbal means of communicating • consists of the following: • Articulation • How speech sounds are made • Voice • Use of the vocal folds and breathing to produce • Fluency • The rhythm of speech

  3. Language vs. SpeechDisorders Language Disorders Speech Disorders a person cannot produce speech sounds correctly or fluently A person has problems with his or her voice • Receptive Language • understanding others • Expressive Language • sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings completely

  4. Language Structure • Language • Consists of symbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols to create messages • Phonemes • Smallest speech units – there are about 40 • Includes the 26 letters of the alphabet • Morphemes • Smallest units of meaning in language • Root words, prefixes, suffixes • Semantics • Meaning of words & word combinations • Denotation – dictionary definition • Connotation – emotional overtones & secondary implications • Syntax • Rules that specify how words are arranged into sentences

  5. Phonetic Alphabet

  6. Milestones in Language Development • First 6 Months • Communication through crying, cooing & laughter • Babbling & repetitive sounds “ba, ba, ba” “la, la, la” • 10 – 13 Months • Sounds increasingly resemble words • Mama, papa, dada • 13 – 18 Months • Vocabulary of 3 to 50 words (mostly objects) • Comprehension is much greater than production of speech • 18 – 24 Months • Vocabulary Spurt – up to 20 more words per week • Fast Mapping – map a word to an underlying concept after only one exposure

  7. Milestones in Language Development • 2 – 3 Years • Children turn words into sentences • Telegraphic Speech  use mainly content words (articles, prepositions & less critical words are omitted) • 3 yr olds – should be able to use plurals & past tense • Overregularizations – grammar rules are incorrectly generalized • 4 – 5 Years • Largest strides in language development happen here • Metalinguistic Awareness  ability to reflect upon the use of language

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