UNIT 22 Onboard Passenger Operations

1. UNIT 22Onboard Passenger Operations

2. WEEK THREE JANUARY 28, 2017LEARNING OUTCOMES

3. P7 Illustrate the chain of command on-board aircraft

4. P7 Illustrate the chain of command on-board aircraft

5. The chain of command on any aircraft is

6. CABIN CREW POSITIONS

7. P8 Explain how cabin crew interact with the flight crew during routine flight operations

8. CABIN CREW TO PASSENGER RATIOS

9. CABIN CREW TO PASSENGER RATIOS • (1) For airplanes having a maximum payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds and having a seating capacity of more than 9 but less than 51 passengers - one flight attendant. • (2) For airplanes having a maximum payload capacity of 7,500 pounds or less and having a seating capacity of more than 19 but less than 51 passengers - one flight attendant. • (3) For airplanes having a seating capacity of more than 50 but less than 101 passengers - two flight attendants. • (4) For airplanes having a seating capacity of more than 100 passengers - two flight attendants plus one additional flight attendant for each unit (or part of a unit) of 50 passenger seats above a seating capacity of 100 passengers.

10. INTERACTION BETWEEN CABIN CREW AND FLIGHT CREW

11. PRE DEPARTURE COMMUNICATION

12. PRE DEPARTURE COMMUNICATION

13. PRE DEPARTURE COMMUNICATION

14. PRE DEPARTURE COMMUNICATION

15. LET’S EXPLORE • EMIRATES EMERGENCY DRILLS • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCVZjLbhOck • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2px72JEmWr0

16. DURING CRITICAL STAGES OF A FLIGHT • Cabin crew should avoid routinely contacting the flight deck during times when they are likely to be occupied with a high workload. Most airlines use a signalling system for the flight crew to indicate to their cabin crew that it is safe to commence cabin service after take off. In some airlines, subject to this call being received, the cabin crew must make no intercom calls to the flight deck until top of climb, when they will make a courtesy call to confirm that the pilots are not incapacitated.

17. DURING CRITICAL STAGES OF A FLIGHT

18. DURING CRITICAL STAGES OF A FLIGHT • Some airline policy is that the Senior Cabin Crew Member (chief flight attendant) was to personally come to the cockpit to inform the captain that "all doors are closed, all passengers seated." That is usually the pilot’s cue to call for the before-start checklist. Likely the SCCM had already been to the cockpit earlier to let me know how the loading was going, who was in back, and any problems. The pilot in turn would give the SCCM the expected flight conditions, estimated time en route and such. 

19. DURING CRITICAL STAGES OF A FLIGHT • The next company-required communication was hitting the button that sounds the beep throughout the cabin when the airplane climbed through 10,000 feet, and the pilot would turn off the seat belt sign then as well. • If there were no weather/turbulence problems en route, the next usual communication is a call to the SCCM shortly before the start of descent. However, typically the SCCM would have come to the cockpit every couple of hours during the flight to chat. • Last cabin communication was hitting the cabin tone button and turning off the seat belt sign after the parking brake was set.

20. FINAL DESCENT • Flight deck crew will turn the “Fasten Seat Belt” sign on and make an announcement at approximately 10,000 feet. • This is a signal to cabin crew that sterile cockpit procedures are in effect until the aircraft is parked at the gate.

21. INITIAL DESCENT PROCEDURES

22. PERIODS OF RESTRICTED COMMUNICATION (A look at Qantas Airlines Sterile Flight Deck) • A sterile flight deck is a period of limited or no contact between cabin crew and flight crew. • Why does Qantas have a "Sterile Flight Deck" Policy? The departure (taxi, take-off, departure) and arrival (approach, landing, taxi) periods are critical phases of flight that involve high workload for flight crew. • Distracting the flight crew with non safety related issues during these periods, can lead to the omission of important tasks such as obtaining clearances to cross active runways, the correct read back of altitude restrictions and the correct completion of checklist actions.

23. PERIODS OF RESTRICTED COMMUNICATION (A look at Qantas Airlines Sterile Flight Deck) • A sterile flight deck is a period of limited or no contact between cabin crew and flight crew. • Why does Qantas have a "Sterile Flight Deck" Policy? The departure (taxi, take-off, departure) and arrival (approach, landing, taxi) periods are critical phases of flight that involve high workload for flight crew. • Distracting the flight crew with non safety related issues during these periods, can lead to the omission of important tasks such as obtaining clearances to cross active runways, the correct read back of altitude restrictions and the correct completion of checklist actions.

24. PERIODS OF RESTRICTED COMMUNICATION (A look at Qantas Airlines Sterile Flight Deck) • Outside of the sterile flight deck periods, normal communications are permitted. • On departure, the sterile flight deck period commences when all doors are closed and ceases when the seat belt sign is switched off after take-off. • On arrival it commences with the cabin preparation PA and concludes when the aircraft arrives at the terminal. During these times the flight deck can only be contacted for safety related issues. W

25. STERILE FLIGHT DECK

26. Further Exploration • Read the full article: Link below. Sterile Flight Deck - One of Aviation's Mysteries • http://www.leadingedgesafety.com.au/FolioFiles/175/754-Sterile%20Flight%20Deck.pdf

27. IMPORTANCE OF CABIN CREW AND FLIGHT CREW INTERACTION • A lack of effective communication between the cockpit crew and cabin crew may restrain the flow of safety-critical information which can prevent the happening of aviation accident or incident. • Some investigators found that recently several accidents and a large number of incidents were caused by a lack of communication between cockpit crew and cabin crews, in where for whatever reasons cabin crews failed to deliver the safety-critical information to the flight deck or their delivered information was ignored by pilots. One case that probably represents this situation is the accident of Air Ontario F-28 (Chute & Wiener, 1996). • Information excerpt taken from: http://aviationknowledge.wikidot.com/aviation:cockpit-cabin-communication:the-causes-of-the-ineff

28. LET’S EXPLORE A LOOK AT THE KEGWORTH AIR DISASTER (POOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CABIN CREW AND FLIGHT CREW) https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Kegworth+air+disaster&item_type=topic

29. P9 Explain how the chain of command system is followed during emergencies EMERGENCY LANDING (PLANNED) The Pilot in Command (PIC) will advise Senior Cabin Crew Member (SCCM) of an emergency situation as soon as possible. The Lead Cabin Crew Member will then obtain the necessary information form the PIC in order to prepare the cabin crew members and passengers

30. P9 The chain of command system during emergencies In emergencies, it is important for the chain of command to be followed . Cabin Crew Members should begin evacuation immediately upon signal from the flight deck crew. However, an ambiguous chain of command can cause inefficient communication that can lead to significant casualties in the case of emergencies.

31. P9 The chain of command system during emergencies The SCCM commands the other flight attendants in the cabin and has highest authority in cabin crew and has responsibility for any important decisions, particularly ones relating in safety rather than passenger services.  She/ he is also the cabin personnel with whom the cockpit crew need deal with.

32. LET’S EXPLORE CHAIN OF COMMAND SYSTEM AT WORK IN AN EMERGENCY http://www.jetcareers.com/the-crew-concept.html

33. Source Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/35725/FlightOpsICATfinal2.pdf [Accessed 19 Jan. 2017]. Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://flightsafety.org/files/cabin_safety_compendium.pdf [Accessed 19 Jan. 2017]. Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: http://www.leadingedgesafety.com.au/FolioFiles/175/754-Sterile%20Flight%20Deck.pdf [Accessed 24 Jan. 2017]. Cabincrew.com. (2017). Pre-training for Cabin Crew: What you may need to learn. [online] Available at: http://www.cabincrew.com/career-advice/pre-training-for-cabin-crew-what-you-may-need-to-learn/1158 [Accessed 24 Jan. 2017]. Flight Deck Security. Retrieved January 18, 2017, from http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Flight_Deck_Security