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ELEN 033 Lecture #1

ELEN 033 Lecture #1. Tokunbo Ogunfunmi Santa Clara University. Introduction. ELEN 033 (Introduction to Digital Signal Processing Systems) Computer Science deals with the notions of algorithms and data structures.

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ELEN 033 Lecture #1

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  1. ELEN 033 Lecture #1 Tokunbo Ogunfunmi Santa Clara University

  2. Introduction • ELEN 033 (Introduction to Digital Signal Processing Systems) • Computer Science deals with the notions of algorithms and data structures. • Programming Language is an abstraction which makes algorithms and data structures explicit.

  3. Algorithms • An algorithm is a program’s order of execution. Also, an algorithm is a procedural method used to solve problems. An algorithm is a finite set of steps each of which may require one or more operations. • An algorithm operates on data structures modifying the input to get the result

  4. Data Structures • A data structure is an abstraction describing different characteristics of objects to be represented as units of information. • Examples of data structures are • integers, arrays, strings,queues, records, stacks, lists, trees etc.

  5. Functions and Procedures • Functions and procedures are an abstraction used in programming to hide or reduce complexity. • A function or procedure is designed to solve a small and well-defined problem which is part of the larger problem to be solved.

  6. Abstractions • An abstraction is a simplified picture of the relevant information that helps us deal with complexity. • Abstractions usually exclude extraneous details. • A model is an abstraction used to introduce new concepts to capture the essence of an idea without having to remember the details

  7. Levels of Abstraction • Abstractions are used in everyday life • Several examples (e.g. maps, road signs, etc) • A road map contains limited information about certain roads • A map captures the notion of a route • Different models are appropriate for different problems

  8. Primitives • Primitives are elementary operations associated with a model of an abstraction. • The primitives can be characterized in such ways that reflect cost and function in appropriate terms for the abstraction. For example, there are two diff. primitives for determining distance on a road map: • use scale factor or add up distances on routes.

  9. Abstractions of MIPS RISC Architecture • MIPS RISC machine language • True Assembly Language (TAL) • MIPS Assembly Language (MAL) • Simple Abstract Language (SAL)

  10. Computer Execution Basics • A computer’s processor (CPU) executes instructions. • Instructions specify ways that variables are manipulated and stored in the computer’s memory. • In a HLL, Variables are declared. In machine lang., variables are assigned. • Binding is the process of assigning a memory location to a variable.

  11. What is a Computer Program? It consists of • A collection of variables • A set of instructions that act upon those variables • Rules for describing the order of execution of the instructions

  12. How does a program run? • Each instruction is given a unique identifier or label (it is actually an address in program memory) • An implicit variable (actually called the Program Counter (PC)) exists which is initially assigned the label for the first instruction to be executed. • At any time, PC contains the address of the next instruction to be executed, except it is a branch instruction.

  13. Program Execution • The program execution is a set of changes to the state of the computer. • The state of the computer consists of the variables and the Program Counter. • Execution of each instruction leads to modification of one or more variables until the last instruction which is usually a halt.

  14. Memory Memory is an array of cells each assigned an address and capable of holding a value. We make the following distinctions: • Internal vs. External Memory • Random Access Memory (RAM) vs. Read-Only memory (ROM) • Program vs. Data memory

  15. Program Execution Steps • CPU fetches instruction from memory pointed to by the PC • CPU decodes instruction • CPU loads (reads) the value of variables from memory • CPU executes instruction • CPU stores (writes) the result in memory • PC is incremented by one.

  16. Types of Instructions Instructions can be of different types • Arithmetic (eg add A, B,C) • Logical (eg cmp A, B) • Control (eg beq A, B, br_target)

  17. Summary • A computer’s architecture is described by it’s instruction set. • Programming language abstractions are ideal for hiding the details of a specific architecture while giving flexibility to the programmer. • Computers operate under the model of the instruction fetch/execute cycle.

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