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Learn about the basics of grammar, including different parts of speech such as nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Understand how these words function in sentences and improve your language skills.
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Noun • Person, place, thing or idea • Example: Tom, New York, book, freedom Practice: Underline the nouns • Penny took her mom to Six Flags. • Love is the most important thing of all. • My dad has the coolest car ever.
Pronouns • Take the place of Nouns • Example: She, he, it, they, ect. • Practice: Underline the nouns, and put a squiggly line under the pronouns in each sentence. • My mother says she loves shoes. • I don’t feel well. My stomach hurts, it feels like someone has stepped on it.
Proper Noun • The SPECIFIC name of a person, place, or thing. It can be acted upon and is capitalized. A proper noun may be a single word, a group of words (with or without abbreviations), or a hyphenated word. Examples: • Josh was honored person • at U.S. Memorial Auditorium place • with the Smith-Lee Award. thing
Review • Underline the nouns, and squiggly underline the pronouns. • Freedom is the only thing on earth worth fighting for. I would gladly die for it. • Nothing is for sure except death and taxes. • What time is your flight to Arizona. • Did you vote for Obama for president? He was my first choice.
Adjectives • Words that describe nouns. • Example: Brownbear, brightlight, never-ending story, cruise ship, Victorianmansion, threebears.
Adjectives • Practice: Underline the Nouns/pronouns, circle the verbs, and place a box around the adjectives • My house is large and beautiful. • The small, brown-eyed girl looked straight up at me. • The whirling wind turned and roared at the fragile plants below. • A large group of people showed up to my birthday party.
Practice • Underline the Nouns and pronouns, and place a box around the adjectives. • The young child was quickly taken from her parents. • The hot crispy fries made my mouth water. • The girl was beautiful, always dressed in elegant gowns. • My little sister always wears her pink barrette.
Verbs • Two Kinds • Action • Run, walk, think, sit, ect. • Linking: connecting words • Is, are, was, were, be, being, has been • Practice: circle the verbs, label them AV or LV • My mother is very picky when she eats out. • My father was being watched by spies. • We are going to walk up to the creek after school.
Review • Practice: Underline the Nouns and pronouns. Place a box around the adjectives.Circle the verbs, and label them LV or AV. • Ex: I hate running laps, but the coach insists that it will make me a better player. • It is hard to keep my notes neat. • I will be here tomorrow after school. • Lucy and Rachel are going to sing at the spring concert. • It is important to honor the many soldiers that fought for our independence. • My brother is annoying; he always picks on me.
Review • Underline the nouns/pronouns, circle the verbs, and place a box around the adjectives. • As the night went on, I stood staring up at the brilliant sky. • It was chilly out, and my foggy breath felt warm against my freezing hands. • They shook terribly, but I did not care. • No amount of cold could drive me away from the shimmering stars in the night sky.
Review • Underline the nouns/pronouns, circle the verbs, and place a box around the adjectives. • I never felt safe in that all-too-quiet house. • I wanted to go to the public library for their drama celebration. • My hard-headed father should have listened when I told him that the ladder was too weak to support his weight.
Adverbs • Three types: • They describe Verbs • The man danced beautifully. • The sky darkened quickly.. • She sang loudly • They describe adjectives • Light green eyes • Very large penguin • They describe when -yesterday, tomorrow, now, later, etc.
Adverbs • Place a triangle around the adverbs. • The winner ran triumphantly around the stage. • He was more handsome than last year. • I want to see the beautifully lit gardens tomorrow. • She was too short for the ride. • He quietly sat, hoping that the night would quickly end.
Review • Underline the nouns, Circle the verbs, place a square around the adjectives, and place a triangle around the adverbs. • The mother nervously wondered how she would pay her bills later that month. • The meal had hardly started before the lady had had too much of their company. • The girl’s pale white cheeks turned a deep red.
Review • Underline nouns, circle verbs, box adjectives, and triangle adverbs • The storm angrily blew all night. • The two girls were very quiet indeed. • My lungs ached and burned, but I stubbornly refused to quit the mile run. • The frightened rabbit desperately struggled against the dogs vicious teeth, but to no avail.
Parts of speech • A word can be an N, V, Adj, and an Adv. • They change when word endings change (suffixes) or when how we use them in the sentence changes. • Examples: Love • I love you. (V) • There is no greater gift than love. (N) • He is so lovable. (Adj) • He held her lovingly. (Adv)
Practice: • Label what part of speech the underlined word is in each sentence. • My brother is so helpful. • Can you help me with this problem? • She is running for secretary. • That runner is sure fast. • She spoke softly in class. • The rain felt soft against her skin. • She looked adoringly at her husband. • Aren’t these puppies adorable?
Review The dark brown suitcase sat precariously halfway off the ledge. • ________ is a noun because… • ________ is an adjective because… • ________ is a verb because… • ________ is an adverb because…
Preposition • a word that shows some relationship or position between a noun and its object. • Example: • To, of, in, on, over, above, below, beneath, through, next to, before, after, inside, between…etc.
Your Turn Circle the prepositions in each of the following sentences: • The girl wrote to her father. • After the ceremony is over, I plan on taking the subway through Manhattan. • Leslie is always in the front of the line.
Conjunctions • A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses together • Example: FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
Practice • Circle and label all the prepositions and conjunctions • I plan on playing both the Violin and the cello at the concert. • Would you rather watch the game or be playing in it? • I started to get sea sick, so I went below deck.
Practice 2 • Circle and label all the prepositions and conjunctions • After the party is over, I want to go to the end of the pier and jump in. • I do not wish to sit beside Betsy, nor do I want to be placed behind Alex. • I want to bake cookies so I can thank my TA’s for stacking books on my shelves and grading papers.
Complete Sentence A complete sentence is made up of 3 things: • The subject (Noun(s) doing the action) • The predicate (Main verb(s)/action) • A complete thought Example: The three boys ran to the school bus. Subject Predicate
Explain if the sentence is missing the subject, predicate, or complete thought. Write complete if it’s good. • The old decaying house. 1. Missing predicate • Ran further than anyone could have possibly imagined. • After Susan was finished with her homework. • Praying and weeping their case. • My poor old dog died last week. • Far out into the sea, the angry grey birds. • During my Dad’s practice band session.
Explain if the sentence is missing the subject, predicate, or complete thought. Write complete if it’s good. • The old decaying house. Missing Predicate • Ran further than anyone could have possibly imagined. Missing Subject • After Susan was finished with her homework. Missing complete thought • Praying and weeping their case. Missing subject • My poor old dog died last week. Complete • Far out into the sea, the angry grey birds. Missing predicate • During my Dad’s practice band session. Missing complete thought
Review 1: • Label the subject and predicate in each sentence. If it is missing a subject or predicate, rewrite the sentence so it is correct. • The tree grew out of the cemetery plot. • The over-sized angry Rottweiler. • The music was played by the musicians. • Created the most beautiful picture I have ever seen. • Susan played tackle football last night.
Review 2 • Label the subject and predicate… correct the sentence if anything is missing. • Over the steep embankment. • My mother said there’d be days like this. • Sprinting and frolicking through the trees. • The house around the corner was built by Lowes. • The rich old miserly man with grey whiskers.
Review # 3 • Label the subject and predicate… correct the sentence if anything is missing. • The music was played by the soloist. • After school, the entire football team. • Happily ran down the street. • Ever since I left college. • Reading all the news and sports columns. • The feather was blown in the wind.
Review # 4 • Label the subject and predicate… correct the sentence if anything is missing. • Before I finish baking. • The girl smiled sweetly. • The crooked old house with titled windows. • The letter was written by Mary. • Blissfully enjoying the summer’s evening.
Simple Sentences • A simple sentence has one independent clause (Contains only one subject, one predicate and one complete thought). Example- Mary washed the dishes. -The dogs and cats played outside. -The car whirled and spun out of control.
Types of sentences • A declarative sentence makes a statement and has a period as ending punctuation. • Example: Joanna went shopping at the mall. • An interrogative sentence asks a question and has a question mark as ending punctuation. • Example: Would you mind cooking your own dinner tonight?
Types of sentences continued • An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request and has a period as ending punctuation. • Examples: Don’t tell me what to do. Command • Mother, sing a song for us. Request • An exclamatory sentence expresses surprise or strong emotions and has an exclamation point as ending punctuation. • Example: I can’t believe you said that!
Compound sentences • A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses (complete sentences), joined together by a comma and a conjunction. • Example: Ken asked his teacher for his homework, but he didn’t follow her advice.
Complex Sentences • Definition:A complex sentence has an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. • An independent clause means that there is a subject and a predicate that expresses a complete thought. (Can stand by itself as a complete sentence) • A dependent (subordinate) clause means that there is a subject and a verb that does not express a complete thought. (Can’t stand alone as a complete sentence) • Example: Ty completed all his chores (independent clause) + after eating his lunch (dependant clause)
Compound-complex sentence • Definition: A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause • Example: After eating his lunch (dependent clause) + Ty completed all his chores (independent clause) + and he read the newspaper (independent clause) = After eating his lunch, Ty completed all his chores and he read the newspaper.
Sentence fragments • A sentence fragment is only part of a complete sentence. It does not express a complete thought.
Run-On Sentences • A sentence run-on has two or more independent clauses connected together as if they were one sentence.
Pronoun-Base Form Verb Agreement • It is important that you use the correct verb forms when writing. The verb forms will depend on the nouns or pronouns used in the sentence. • Examples: • I smile often. First person singular • She smiles often. Third person singular (adds s) • She should smile more often. After “do” and modals • To smile often is preferred. Infinitive
Present Participle • The present participle adds a “to be” verb is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been + __ing. • The present participle takes the present progressive form to show continuous action. • Example: is + __ing is hiking Matt is hiking the Appalachian Trail.
Active Voice • Start with Subject • Then Predicate • No linking Verbs (is, are, have, has, be, been, were, am) Passive: The ball was thrown by Jim. Active: Jim Threw the ball.
Active Voice • Starts with Subject • Then Predicate • No linking verbs (is, are, am, be, being, have, has, were, was) Incorrect: The ball was thrown by Jim LV Predicate Subject Correct: Jim threw the ball
Practice 1 Directions: Change the passive sentences to active ones. Label the subject and predicate. • The girls were asked to leave by the principal. • The house was constructed by my father’s company. • Mom cooked dinner last night. • The lawn was watered by the sprinkler. • The light is shining brightly. • The house sat on the shady side of the hill. • He has acted foolishly tonight.
Practice # 2Change these sentences to active ones • The experiment was conducted by the scientist. • The mountain was sat on by the lake. • The lake was fished on by the men. • The girl’s dress was glistening beautifully. • The books were sitting on the edge.
Active Voice • Subject then predicate, no linking verbs • If the subject is missing, you must add one • Example: Incorrect: The music was beautifully played. • No subject… it never says WHO played it Correct: The band played the music beautifully.
Practice # 3Change sentences into active voice: add subjects if necessary • The girl was invited to the party by Stacy. • The board game was played. • The room was looking dull and shabby. • The car was driven too fast. • The lights were turned off by Tim.
Quick write- For each Phrase explain if you agree and why or why not. • 1. When I become a parent, I will spy on my teenaged son or daughter to find out what he or she is doing. • 2. The Internet can be a dangerous place. • 3. I know of friends who have chatted online with people they don’t really know. • 4. Cyber-bullying takes place on social networking sites (i.e., Facebook, MySpace, etc.) among my friends.
Quick write- For each Phrase explain if you agree or not and why. • 5. If you’re old enough to go on the Internet, you’re old enough to know the dangers. • 6. Parents should monitor some of their teens’ Internet use. • 7. Teens’ social networking profiles should be set at the highest privacy settings. • 8. Teens have a right to privacy.
