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CULTURE, LOCAL CONTSRUCT OF MASCULINITY AND HIV-RISK PRACTICES AMONG YOUNG MALE IDU IN A SLUM AREA (LORONG) IN MAKASSAR, INDONESIA. Sudirman Nasir The University of Melbourne. HIV-risk as a result of interplay. Socio-economic deprivation Unemployment and underemployment
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CULTURE, LOCAL CONTSRUCT OF MASCULINITY AND HIV-RISK PRACTICES AMONG YOUNG MALE IDU IN A SLUM AREA (LORONG) IN MAKASSAR, INDONESIA Sudirman Nasir The University of Melbourne
HIV-risk as a result of interplay Socio-economic deprivation Unemployment and underemployment Boredom and lack of meaningful activities Not a child, not yet and adult Lack of dignity and respect (Siri’) Punna tena baji’ku, kodiku seng Gangs participation Rewa, ‘campaign for respect‘and risk taking Survival strategy (avoiding the label of sekke’) Sharing injecting equipment Rewa and unsafe sex
Interplay To survive and to be respected in the lorong, you need to be Rewa. Indeed, you’re not a real lorong boy if you don’t put a brave face against dangers. If you seem weak and fearful, you may be labelled a sissy or even a kawe-kawe (transvestite). You may be exploited by stronger boys. Thus, you will loose your Siri’. It’s a pity if you’re poor and you’re fearful and you have no Siri’. Nothing you can be proud of. Life in this area is too monotonous if you’re not Rewa. (Cikong, 24 years)
Interplay Like other boys in my lorong, I started to use drugs when I became involved in the gang. Initially, I just drank many kinds of alcohol if we have a party with the boys. But you know, most of them also take koplo like Rohypnol or Mogadon. At the time I was curious and keen to try it. They look so relaxed after taking that pill. So when one of the boys asked me if I’d like to try, I just take it happily. That’s why I don’t blame my friends. They don’t really give me pressure to use drugs, they just offer it. (Codding, 21 years)
Interplay I did my first kipe’(injection) with some friends at the lorong, and there were only two insul (needle) and one cooker, a bottom of coke tin at the time…We just shared all of those stuff…There weren’t many information about the danger of sharing at the time…Yaa…I don’t know anything about AIDS or hepatitis C at the time and I was just too curious to do my first kipe’ so I didn’t really care about the danger of sharing. (Anggo’, 27 years)
Interplay You’ll just suffer a lot if you have a Sekke’ reputation. People will avoid to pool money with you to buy putaw. It’s like a punishment. Without pooling you’ll suffer a lot. Most of us have no regular income to finance our addiction to putaw. Pooling frequently help us to overcome the pain of sakaw. If I’m not labelled as sekke’ it’s not too difficult to find two or three friends within a gang to pool money and we can buy a bag of putaw. We can share that putaw. It’s really helpful especially when you suffer from sakaw. (Cunding, 19 years)
Interplay Sex and girls are a never ending talk within the gang…We always talk about sex and boast about our sexual adventure….Having sex with girlfriends or with prostitutes are crucial things. The more adventurous you are the more you’ll be respected in the gang….(Dullah , 25 years) Having diseases like syphilis or ta’mea ri’ri are just a part of becoming a man. Many friends have suffered from these diseases…It’s just a part of becoming a Rewa man. Most of us just took some supertetra, and they’re OK. (Anca’, 28 years old)
Respect and manhood as a social capital ‘In the inner-city-environment respect on the street may be viewed as a form of social capital that is very valuable, especially when other forms of capital have been denied or are unavailable. Not only it is protective; it is often forms the core of the person’s self esteem’ (Anderson, 1999:66) ‘Respect and manhood in the inner city are two sides of the same coin’ (Sanders, 2005:123)
Social capital Knowledge and skills Community participation Enabling environment Bonding, linking and bridging social capital Beyond individualistic harm reduction Structural HIV intervention
Beyond individualistic harm reduction The individualization of risk that characterize the existing harm reduction programs in Makassar need to be complemented with wider community based programs that address social and economic deprivation in the lorong.
Addressing cultural and structural context Individual actions, including an individual’s response toward risks, are influenced by the cultural, socio-economic and political context. Harm reduction programs in the lorong should be cognizant to the cultural and structural constraints hindering young men in this locality to apply safer drug injecting practices and safer sexual practices.
