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Abortion

Abortion. Rels 300 / Nurs 330 12 March 2014. Fetal Development. Some pictures taken from this website: http:// www.w-cpc.org/index.htm They used pictures from these sources: Nine Month Miracle CD ROM, by A.D.A.M. Software, Inc.

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Abortion

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  1. Abortion Rels 300 / Nurs 330 12 March2014

  2. Fetal Development Some pictures taken from this website: • http://www.w-cpc.org/index.htm They used pictures from these sources: • Nine Month Miracle CD ROM, by A.D.A.M. Software, Inc. • the book A Child Is Born by the famous Swedish photographer Lennart Nilsson • the handbook When You were Formed in Secret, by Gary Bergel Additional pictures are from this website: http://visembryo.com/ appleby 300/330

  3. Human Pregnancy 9 months: 3 trimesters • 1st trimester: fertilization to week 13 • 2nd trimester: weeks 13 to 26 • 3rd trimester: weeks 26 to 40 Fetal viability: somewhere between weeks 20 and 26 • earlier than 24 weeks, fetuses have a much smaller chance of healthy survival; • survival rate at 24 weeks is approximately 50% appleby 300/330

  4. Fetal Development • Make your own record on paper of fetal development • Draw a graph, or a time-line, or any other method of keeping track of stages of fetal development • How long does a process take? • When does it occur? • What is the natural % of loss? appleby 300/330

  5. Fertilization • sperm moves up the vaginal canal, through cervix, and into the fallopian tube; • 1% make it this far • 1 sperm penetrates zonapellucida; 20 minutes • fusion of nuclei of egg & sperm takes another 24 hours appleby 300/330

  6. Single-cell zygote begins cell division: • 2, 4, 8, etc.; every 20 hours • At 16 cells: zygote becomes a morula • Morulaleaves fallopian tube, enters uterus • Process takes 3-4 days •  5 days after intercourse • conception is now complete • Rate of success = 25% appleby 300/330

  7. Yellow = the blastocoel cavity Blue ring = the traphoblast cells Purple ring = the placenta The small black cluster at 10:00 on the circle is the developing embryo Implantation process continues: • Blastocele cavity forms in centre of morula • Traphoblastcells develop an implantation site for the blastocyst • Implantation site becomes swollen with new capillaries • This process takes place from day 7 to day 12 appleby 300/330

  8. Day 14: implantation is completePrimitive streak appears on the surface of the embryonic disc • This is the future axis of the embryo • By day 15 or 16, viable embryo will continue to develop • Now possible to determine if there are multiple embryos • 42% of zygotes fail to achieve implantation • Of these, 8% spontaneously miscarry or result in a still-birth appleby 300/330

  9. 4 week embryo Embryo produces hormones These function to prevent the woman’s menstrual cycle from shedding the uterine lining and embryo appleby 300/330

  10. Day 21: Internal organs are forming Heart has begun to beat Neural tube splits into 3 sections as brain develops Placenta is functioning Spine and spinal cord are growing Umbilical cord is clear 5 weeksEmbryo is the size of a small peanut appleby 300/330

  11. 8 weeksFetal brain waves can be measured • Facial features developing • Eyes have both retina and lens • Major muscles are sufficiently developed to allow movement • Fingers have begun to develop • Fetus has own blood type, with blood cells being produced by its own liver appleby 300/330

  12. 12 weeksend of 1st trimester • All essential external and internal structures are present in early stages • Head: external ear, retina, eyelids, palate, tongue, teeth buds • Abdomen: intestines beginning to move from umbilical cord to body cavity • Pelvis: external genitalia not yet present • Limbs: arms, legs, fingers & toes all developing appleby 300/330

  13. 20 weeks: genitalia now present+ fetus can hear mother’s voice+ nearing viability appleby 300/330

  14. 24 weeks[viability = 20 to 26 weeks] • Fetus is thin • Little fat development • Auditory and visual systems continue to develop • Reflex movements improving • Blood vessels forming in lungs • Lung surfactants begin production • Fingernails & toenails developing • Spine is strengthening • All internal organs are formed • 50% of 24-week fetusessurvive outside womb • Of these, many have life-long disabilities appleby 300/330

  15. Full-term fetus:40 weeks • All body parts and organs are more developed and stronger • Lungs are not yet fully developed • Lungs complete development only after breathing begins • Fetus has continued to grow • Fatty tissue has formed under the skin appleby 300/330

  16. On your timeline of fetal development, place each of these methods of CONTRACEPTION METHOD STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT • rhythm method • condoms • pill • depo-provera • norplant • IUD • morning-after pill appleby 300/330 http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/health-resources/sexual-health/birth-control/

  17. On your timeline of fetal development,place each of these methods of Abortion # of Weeks Gestation (size of pregnancy) determined by ultrasound • Medical Abortion 7 weeks (http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/health-resources/sexual-health/abortion/medical-abortion/) • Manual Vacuum Aspiration 8 weeks (http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/health-resources/sexual-health/abortion/manual-vacuum-aspiration/) • Suction and Curettage 6 - 14 weeks (http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/health-resources/sexual-health/abortion/suction-and-curettage/) • Dilation and Evacuation 14 - 23 weeks (http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/health-resources/sexual-health/abortion/dilation-and-evacuation/) appleby 300/330

  18. What does it mean to be a person?When does a fetus become a person? Is a fertilized ovum a person? • a zygote prior to implantation? • an implanted embryo? • a fetus which has attained some certain level of development? • development of nervous system (20 wks)? • ability to feel pain? • fetal viability (20, 24, 28 ? wks)? • at live birth? • at some point after birth? Is a stillborn child a person? Choose 2 points of fetal development where a person could argue that a fetus becomes a person • give reasons to support 2 different points appleby 300/330

  19. A Third Way by L. Wayne Sumner LIBERAL VIEW CONSERVATIVE VIEW “The liberal view” of abortion: • (voluntary) abortion is always morally innocuous • the only acceptable abortion policy is one which treats it as minor elective surgery “The conservative view”of abortion: • abortion is always morally serious • the only acceptable abortion policy is one which treats abortion as a form of homicide. appleby 300/330

  20. Sumner proposes a 3rd view: Moral status of the fetus: conservative view = full moral standing from point of conception liberal view = full moral standing from live birth Sumner’s view = a gradual, differential, and developmental view of increasing moral status throughout gestation appleby 300/330

  21. What does this mean? • early abortion is more like contraception • late abortion is more like infanticide • permissive abortion policy in early stages of pregnancy/gestation • more restrictive abortion policy in later stages of pregnancy/gestation • seek agreement on “threshold stage” which divides the 2 appleby 300/330

  22. Criteria of moral standing criterion of life = too weak (not all living things have moral standing as persons) criterion of rationality = too strong (some beings who are not rational still have moral standing as persons) criterion of sentience (or consciousness) = promising middle path appleby 300/330

  23. What is sentience? • ability to experience sensations • ability to feel pleasure and pain • ability to enjoy and suffer • capacity for feeling affect (emotional states) more developed sentience = consciousness and rationality “A fetus is…probably sentient by the conventional stage of viability(around the end of the second trimester). (Sumner, p.198) appleby 300/330

  24. Sentience as athreshold point • capacity for sentience depends on the required physiological structures for sensing • Cerebral cortex – thought, voluntary movement, language, perception, reasoning • Cerebellum – movement, balance, posture • Brain stem – respiration, circulation, blood pressure • Hypothalamus – body temperature, emotions, hunger, thirst, sleep/wake cycles • Thalamus – sensory processing, movement • Limbic system – emotions, memory • Midbrain – vision, eye movement, hearing, movement What is the timeframe for neural development? appleby 300/330

  25. When does sentience begin? 1st trimester fetuses do not have the physiological capacity for sentience 3rd trimester fetuses do have the physiological capacity for sentience Physiological capacity for sentience develops during the 2nd trimester of fetal development Full sentience, including consciousness and rationality, does not develop until some time after birth appleby 300/330

  26. 2nd trimester abortions According to Sumner, 2nd trimester abortions will need to be justified by a competing moral consideration: • serious threat to the woman’s life • serious threat to the woman’s physical or mental health • serious fetal deformity What would you regard as justifiable reasons for a 2nd trimester abortion? In your opinion, should personal inconvenience and choice count as sufficient reasons for abortion • in the 1st trimester • in the 2nd trimester? appleby 300/330

  27. B.C. woman, robynbenson, 22 weeks pregnant,declared brain-deadcbc news; http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/robyn-benson-on-life-support-as-husband-awaits-her-c-section-1.2520768 Dylan Benson says his unborn son was just over five months along and growing normally when Robyn complained of a headache and collapsed on Dec. 28. • "She was non-responsive. I tried to call her name and stuff but nothing would happen," he said. • Rushed to hospital, staff determined that she had suffered a cerebral hemorrhage, and that damage was irreparable. She was declared brain-dead the next day. • "On one hand, I can’t wait to meet my son and try, and give him the best life possible and try my hardest to be a great dad for him. On the other hand, I know that the day or the day after he is born will be the day that I have to say goodbye to Robyn." appleby 300/330

  28. If you were in this situation,22 weeks into a pregnancy, and suffered a brain hemorrhage,what would your wishes be? • Would you wish to have your life artificially maintained for 12 more weeks to increase the likelihood of a healthy C-section birth? • Would you wish to have life-sustaining interventions removed to allow for your own natural death? appleby 300/330 WHY?

  29. Feb. 8, 2014: 'Baby Iver' born healthyB.C. woman declared brain-dead on Dec. 28 underwent surgery to deliver 'Baby Iver' on Saturday Robyn Benson, the Victoria woman who was declared brain-dead in December, underwent surgery on Saturday to deliver a healthy baby boy before she died the next day.  http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/baby-iver-born-healthy-body-of-mother-robyn-benson-dies-1.2531549 appleby 300/330

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