The Structure of Arguments

1. The Structure of Arguments Deconstructing Information

2. Argument Structure Review of homework reading: • Proposition • Premises • Conclusion • Inference • Conclusion Indicators and Conjunctives (indicate argument structure and composition

3. Argument Building Follow the argument structure below. Create premises to support and prove the proposition being made in the following commercial: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXUIAr6nxQ0 Proposition: P1. P2. P3. Conclusion:

4. Argument Building Follow the argument structure below. Create premises to support and prove the proposition being made in the following commercial: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPFsa6FLvlg Proposition: P1. P2. P3. Conclusion:

5. Arguments • How are these arguments different? • How are they the same? • How much awareness do you think there is about the way ideas are being sold along with products? • Are these ideas something we think about?

6. Validity • Arguments can be found Valid or Not Valid (Invalid*) • Valid: Good or Sound • Not Valid: Bad, Poorly Constructed, Not Sound • Need to understand: • how the argument is logically connected • how the premises interact and support the argument • whether or not the conclusion is adequately supported by the premises.

7. Validity: • Valid: The reasoning process is correct; the premises follow and support each other. No fallacies have been committed. (Thursday) • Not Valid: the reasoning process (inferences made) is (/ are) not correct • Strong: Follows probably from the premises • Weak: Follows improbably from the premises • Cogent: Strong and all premises are true • Uncogent: Weak, all premises may or may not be true, inference does not support logical progression in the argument • Sound: The inferences are true and the premises are true, therefore the conclusion must be true. (Unsound is the antonym)

8. Deductive & Inductive Arguments Deductive Inductive Premise Premise Conclusion Ex. • All men are mortal. (premise) • Socrates was a man. (premise) • Socrates was mortal. (conclusion) Conclusion Premise Premise Ex. • Socrates ate fish. (conclusion) • Socrates was Greek. (premise) • Most Greeks eat fish. (premise)

9. Deductive & Inductive Arguments Deductive Inductive • It is IMPOSSIBLE for the premises to be true, but the conclusion false. • The conclusion MUST follow from the premises. • If the premises are true, it is IMPROBABLE that the conclusion would be false. • The conclusion follows PROBABLY from the premises and inferences

10. More Argument Structure • In table groups, examine the deductive argument from the board, and use it to create an airtight inductive argument. Remember, your conclusion must follow logically and probably. • Premise • Premise • Premise • Conclusion

11. Homework • Check out the new 20-1IB class website • View the homework assignment • http://msharrisons20-1ib.weebly.com

12. Argument Structures Appeals & Fallacies

13. Deductive & Inductive Arguments Deductive Inductive Premise Premise Conclusion Ex. • All men are mortal. (premise) • Socrates was a man. (premise) • Socrates was mortal. (conclusion) Conclusion Premise Premise Ex. • Socrates ate fish. (conclusion) • Socrates was Greek. (premise) • Most Greeks eat fish. (premise)

14. Your Arguments from Miss Representation • http://msharrisons20-1ib.weebly.com • Need a volunteer to share one on the board • Examine at face value – does this argument work? • Why or why not? • What do we call the things that may not be working…?

15. Appeals & Fallacies • Logic requires the use and application of arguments that are free of false premises • False premises rely on information that is incomplete, partially true, or presented in a way that is misleading (slanted)

16. Appeals & Fallacies • Appeals are generally related to the way an idea or product is presented • Calling something a Fallacy (or fallacious) is the term applied to the way we identify and categorize the ways that messages can be crafted to mislead the consumer • It is important to recognize that the WAY you are being marketed to is not necessarily logical or ethical. • More importantly, we must learn to recognize the ways these arguments are being made in order to properly evaluate them

17. Appeals • Appeal to your Emotions • Appeal to your sense of Humor • Sex Appeal • Music Appeal • Scarcity Appeal • Masculine/ Feminine Appeals • Brand Appeal • Age Appeal • Endorsement Appeals (celebrity endorsement) • (Note: There are other appeals as well, these primarily relate to messages and advertising, rather than functional or mathematical logic)

18. Fallacies • Example: Appeal to Authority • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kt7bbojFpMY • Do you think that Peyton Manning is qualified to give the advice that he is giving? (He’s an NFL Quarterback for the Denver Broncos)

19. Fallacies • https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/false-cause • A list of fallacies, their definitions, and examples

20. Re-evaluating Arguments • Examine the argument on the board, and identify any fallacies or appeals that are being made. • Next, examine your own argument, and think about the changes you might make to create a more logical and better crafted argument. Remove or adjust premises that contain appeals or fallacies to strengthen your argument. • You will be handing in your argument (after reviewing and adjusting it) Please don’t ERASE anything – add the changes so I can see your shifts!

21. Free Write Journaling Respond to the following quote in a free association writing style, exploring your thoughts, feelings, and the connections you make between this idea and prior knowledge. “We are now part of a cultural climate in which human beings are seen as objects. Turning a person into a thing is almost always the first step toward justifying violence against that person.” Jean Kilbourne, EdD Filmmaker, Author, & Senior Scholar Wellesley Centers for Women