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Rosa Parks. 1001. Rosa Parks was a quiet black seamstress who sparked the Montgomery bus boycott by refusing to give up her bus seat for a white man in December 1955. 1002. New Look. 1003.
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Rosa Parks 1001
Rosa Parks was a quiet black seamstress who sparked the Montgomery bus boycott by refusing to give up her bus seat for a white man in December 1955. 1002
New Look 1003
Reflecting Eisenhower’s preferences for nuclear deterrence rather than ground force involvement against the Soviet Union, the New Look emphasized the massive retaliatory potential of a large nuclear stockpile. Eisenhower worked to increase nuclear spending and decrease spending on ground troops. 1004
In 1971, New York Times Co. v. U.S. firmly protected freedom of the press. The Justice Department tried to block The New York Times from publishing the Pentagon Papers. The Supreme Court, however, overturned the Justice Department’s order to restrict free press in the interests of national security. 1006
Nixon Doctrine 1007
Announced in July 1969 as a corollary to Nixon’s efforts to pull American troops out of Vietnam, the Nixon Doctrine pledged a change in the U.S. role in the Third World from military protector to helpful partner. 1008
Richard Nixon 1009
Richard Nixon, a Republican, served as President from 1969 until his resignation on August 9, 1974. Nixon oversaw a moderately conservative domestic program, gradually pulled troops out of Vietnam, and improved relations with the nation’s communist enemies. He was forced to resign after being implicated in the Watergate scandal. 1010
Formed in 1949 too counter the Soviet threat in Eastern Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization prepared Western European powers and the U.S. to fight as a unified coalition. Throughout the Cold War, NATO was the primary Western alliance in opposition to communist forces. 1012
Oliver North 1013
Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, a member of the National Security Council, was involved in the Iran-Contra scandal. In 1987, investigations revealed that North had headed the initiative to funnel funding from arms sales to Iran secretly and illegally to the Contras in Nicaragua, who fought against an anti-U.S. regime. North was later convicted of obstructing justice and lying to Congress. 1014
Mikhail Gorbachev 1015
Mikhail Gorbachev was the last Soviet political leader, becoming general secretary of the Communist Party in 1985 and then president of the USSR in 1988. Gorbachev helped ease tension between the U.S. and the USSR, work that earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990. he oversaw the fall of the Soviet Union and resigned as president on December 25, 1991. 1016
Thurgood Marshall 1017
Thurgood Marshall, a black attorney, successfully argued the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in front of the Supreme Court in 1954. In 1967, Marshall became the first African-American appointed to the Supreme Court. 1018
McCarthyism 1019
McCarthyism refers to the extreme anticommunism in American politics and society during the early 1950s. The term derives from the actions of Senator Joseph McCarthy, who led an intense campaign against alleged subversives during this period. 1020
Medical Care Act 1021
An element of President Johnson’s Great Society program, in 1965, the Medical Care Act created Medicare to provide senior citizens with medical insurance and Medicaid to provide welfare recipients with free health care. 1022
Miranda v. Arizona 1023
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) is a Supreme Court case that protects the rights of the accused. The arresting officer in the Miranda case did not make the defendant aware of his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination. Police are required to make suspects aware of their “Miranda rights,” as they are now known, which includes the right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney present during questioning. 1024
New Frontier 1025
John F. Kennedy’s domestic policy, the “New Frontier,” focused on reform at home and victory in the Cold War abroad. 1026
The National Organization for Women, formed in 1966, functions to advocate for, and raise public awareness of, women’s issues. NOW was a central part of the 1960s women’s liberation movement. 1028
Engle v. Vitale 1029
In 1962, Engle v. Vitale ruled that school prayer is unconstitutional. New York state had permitted “nonsectarian” prayer in public schools, but Engle v. Vitale ruled that this was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court later ruled that Bible could not be read in public schools. 1030
Medgar Evers 1031
Medgar Evers was an NAACP leader in Mississippi. In 1963, following President Kennedy’s speech for civil rights, Medgar Evers was assassinated in Jackson, Mississippi. 1032
Fair Deal 1033
The Fair Deal was Harry S. Truman’s attempt to extend the policies of the New Deal. Beginning in 1949, the Fair Deal included measures to increase the minimum wage, expand Social Security, and construct low-income housing. 1034
Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963, was a rallying cry for women’s liberation movement. It denounced the belief that women should be tied to the home and encouraged women to get involved in activities outside their home and family. 1036
Loving v. Virginia 1037
This 1967 case declared all laws against interracial marriage unconstitutional. 1038
March Against Death 1039
The March Against Death was a high point for the student antiwar movement and a poignant symbol of antiwar sentiment in the U.S. In November 1969, 300,000 people marched in a long, circling path through Washington, D.C., for 40 hours straight, each holding a candle and the name of a soldier killed or a village destroyed in Vietnam. 1040
Moon landing 1041
On July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong and Colonel Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. became the first people to walk on the moo. They went to the moon in Apollo 11, and used a landing module called the Eagle. The moon landing was televised, and symbolized the scientific political power of the U.S. 1042
The U.S. policy of MAD, acknowledged that both the U.S. and the Soviet Union had large enough nuclear arsenals to destroy each other many times over. Developed in the early 1960s, it was America’s form of defense against Soviet attack: MAD promised that whoever launched an attack would, in turn, be attacked, resulting in absolute nuclear devastation on both sides. 1044
NASA 1045
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was founded in 1958 to compete with Russia’s space program. During the late 1960s to early 1980s, NASA sent expeditions to the moon, and developed and managed the space station and space shuttle programs. 1046
John F. Kennedy 1047
John F. Kennedy, a Democrat, served as president from 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. A young charismatic leader, he cultivated a glorified image in the eyes of the American public. Kennedy’s primary achievements came in the realm of international relations, most notably the peaceful resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis. 1048
King first rose to national prominence as a civil rights leader during the 1956 Montgomery bus boycott. Throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s, King tirelessly led the struggle for integration and full equality through nonviolent means. He was assassinated in 1968. 1050