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Explore the essential characteristics of life including metabolism, movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, excretion, and homeostasis. Discover the levels of organization within living organisms from cells to organ systems.
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Characteristics of Life • Physical and chemical changes - metabolism. • To be defined as living, organism must possess all characteristics of life.
1Movement – self-initiated change in position; can also include internal movement as well. • Plants - directed movement towards sunlight; also have movement at cellular level.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arabidopsis_thaliana.jpg This plant is exhibiting phototropism, a movement towards the sunlight.
2Responsiveness –ability of organism to respond to changes in environment. • Jellyfish can feel touch and respond appropriately to it even with no real “brain”.
3Growth – change in body size. • Does not necessarily mean change in body shape as well.
4Reproduction – must be able to make new individual. • Done in 2 ways – asexually and sexually.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction Asexual reproduction in a liverwort.
5Respiration – process of exchanging gasses with environment. • Animals - obtaining oxygen and using it to release energy from food.
6Digestion – chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into smaller and more usable substances. • Cells use smaller bits for energy.
7Absorption – digested materials pass through membranes - allows materials to be taken back up into system.
http://images.healthcentersonline.com/digestive/images/article/SmallIntestine.jpghttp://images.healthcentersonline.com/digestive/images/article/SmallIntestine.jpg
8Circulation –movement of substances through body in fluid form. • Humans use circulatory system to accomplish this.
B. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system A. C. Various circulatory systems – A. Human B. Grasshopper C. Mollusk http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookcircSYS.html
9Excretion –removal of wastes from body. • All processes collectively called metabolism.
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/bio100/Lectures/Lect16/Image270.gifhttp://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/bio100/Lectures/Lect16/Image270.gif
Homeostasis - ability of organism to maintain a stable environment. • Internal temperature of human must remain relatively stable in order to survive.
To achieve homeostasis, negative and positive feedback loops used. • Negative feedback - change in homeostasis triggers response in opposite direction. • Human temperature rises - body will trigger sweating response to cool body off.
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2a_negative_feedbac_c.jpghttp://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2a_negative_feedbac_c.jpg
Positive feedback – change in homeostasis triggers response in same direction - labor. • Uterine contractions in labor stimulate release of oxytocin - causes uterus to contract even more.
http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-13/0914.jpghttp://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-13/0914.jpg
Levels of Organization • Cell - smallest unit of body. • Cells form tissues. • Specialized tissue form organs. • Organs work together in organ systems. • Organ systems make up organism.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookAnimalTS.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookAnimalTS.html TISSUE CELL www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/muscle1.html ORGAN SYSTEM http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/illingworth/myopath/heart.htm ORGAN http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/circulation.html
Systems of the Body • 1Integumentary system – primary organ - skin (integument). • 2 layers – epidermis, dermis. • Also contains blood vessels, receptors, glands. • Functions in temperature regulation, protection, removal of wastes.
http://www.science.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/skin/outanc01.htmhttp://www.science.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/skin/outanc01.htm
2Digestive system – breaks down foods into nutrients that cell membranes can absorb. • Mouth, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, appendix, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anal canal.
3Respiratory system - exchange of gases between atmosphere and body cells. • Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs.
4Reproductive system - produce and nurture sex cells and transport them to sites of fertilization; also functions in secretion of hormones. • Testes and their accessory organs (male) ovaries, uterus and accessory organs (female)
5Cardiovascular system – brings oxygen and nutrients to all body cells; remove wastes from cells. • Heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
6Muscular system - support and movement, propels body fluids and food, provides heartbeat, provides heat. • Composed of all muscles, voluntary and involuntary.
7Nervous system - detects changes outside and within body, stimulate responses to muscles or glands, monitors body’s internal environment. • Consists of neurons, spinal cord, brain, nerves.
8Endocrine system - secretes hormones into body fluids. • Includes all glands, hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, kidney, ovaries and testes.
9Lymphatic system - transports excess fluid from interstitial spaces and returns it to bloodstream; produces lymphocytes to help fight infections. • Bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix.
10Skeletal system - movement, protection of internal organs, production blood marrow, attachment for the muscles. • All bones in body.
http://www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htmhttp://www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm
11Urinary system - removes wastes from blood and disposes of them.; functions in balance of electrolytes and regulation of pH and body fluids. • Kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra.
