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Introduction To Anatomy. Characteristics of Life. Physical and chemical changes - metabolism . To be defined as living, organism must possess all characteristics of life. http://www.doctorjackson.org/images/metabolism.jpg.
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Characteristics of Life • Physical and chemical changes - metabolism. • To be defined as living, organism must possess all characteristics of life.
1Movement – self-initiated change in position; can also include internal movement as well. • Plants - directed movement towards sunlight; also have movement at cellular level.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arabidopsis_thaliana.jpg This plant is exhibiting phototropism, a movement towards the sunlight.
2Responsiveness –ability of organism to respond to changes in environment. • Jellyfish can feel touch and respond appropriately to it even with no real “brain”.
3Growth – change in body size. • Does not necessarily mean change in body shape as well.
4Reproduction – must be able to make new individual. • Done in 2 ways – asexually and sexually.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction Asexual reproduction in a liverwort.
5Respiration – process of exchanging gasses with environment. • Animals - obtaining oxygen and using it to release energy from food.
6Digestion – chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into smaller and more usable substances. • Cells use smaller bits for energy.
7Absorption – digested materials pass through membranes - allows materials to be taken back up into system.
http://images.healthcentersonline.com/digestive/images/article/SmallIntestine.jpghttp://images.healthcentersonline.com/digestive/images/article/SmallIntestine.jpg
8Circulation –movement of substances through body in fluid form. • Humans use circulatory system to accomplish this.
B. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system A. C. Various circulatory systems – A. Human B. Grasshopper C. Mollusk http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookcircSYS.html
9Excretion –removal of wastes from body. • All processes collectively called metabolism.
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/bio100/Lectures/Lect16/Image270.gifhttp://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/bio100/Lectures/Lect16/Image270.gif
Homeostasis - ability of organism to maintain a stable environment. • Internal temperature of human must remain relatively stable in order to survive.
To achieve homeostasis, negative and positive feedback loops used. • Negative feedback - change in homeostasis triggers response in opposite direction. • Human temperature rises - body will trigger sweating response to cool body off.
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2a_negative_feedbac_c.jpghttp://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2a_negative_feedbac_c.jpg
Positive feedback – change in homeostasis triggers response in same direction - labor. • Uterine contractions in labor stimulate release of oxytocin - causes uterus to contract even more.
http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-13/0914.jpghttp://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-13/0914.jpg
Levels of Organization • Cell - smallest unit of body. • Cells form tissues. • Specialized tissue form organs. • Organs work together in organ systems. • Organ systems make up organism.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookAnimalTS.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookAnimalTS.html TISSUE CELL www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/muscle1.html ORGAN SYSTEM http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/illingworth/myopath/heart.htm ORGAN http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/circulation.html
Systems of the Body • 1Integumentary system – primary organ - skin (integument). • 2 layers – epidermis, dermis. • Also contains blood vessels, receptors, glands. • Functions in temperature regulation, protection, removal of wastes.
http://www.science.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/skin/outanc01.htmhttp://www.science.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/skin/outanc01.htm
2Digestive system – breaks down foods into nutrients that cell membranes can absorb. • Mouth, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, appendix, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anal canal.
3Respiratory system - exchange of gases between atmosphere and body cells. • Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs.
4Reproductive system - produce and nurture sex cells and transport them to sites of fertilization; also functions in secretion of hormones. • Testes and their accessory organs (male) ovaries, uterus and accessory organs (female)
5Cardiovascular system – brings oxygen and nutrients to all body cells; remove wastes from cells. • Heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
6Muscular system - support and movement, propels body fluids and food, provides heartbeat, provides heat. • Composed of all muscles, voluntary and involuntary.
7Nervous system - detects changes outside and within body, stimulate responses to muscles or glands, monitors body’s internal environment. • Consists of neurons, spinal cord, brain, nerves.
8Endocrine system - secretes hormones into body fluids. • Includes all glands, hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, kidney, ovaries and testes.
9Lymphatic system - transports excess fluid from interstitial spaces and returns it to bloodstream; produces lymphocytes to help fight infections. • Bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix.
10Skeletal system - movement, protection of internal organs, production blood marrow, attachment for the muscles. • All bones in body.
http://www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htmhttp://www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm
11Urinary system - removes wastes from blood and disposes of them.; functions in balance of electrolytes and regulation of pH and body fluids. • Kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra.
