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Classical Conditioning, continued

Classical Conditioning, continued . Acquisition – initial classical conditioning stage Elicits conditioned response Extinction – diminishing of a conditioned response Happens when UCS does not follow CS

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Classical Conditioning, continued

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  1. Classical Conditioning, continued • Acquisition – initial classical conditioning stage • Elicits conditioned response • Extinction – diminishing of a conditioned response • Happens when UCS does not follow CS • Spontaneous Recovery – reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response • Generalizing –response to similar stimuli • Discrimination – noting difference in stimuli

  2. CONDITIONING CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING Forms associations between behaviors and resulting events Behavior produces rewarding or punishing stimuli • Associations between CS and US • Involves respondent behavior that occurs as an automatic response to stimuli VS.

  3. SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTS • Rewarded behavior is likely to occur again • Thorndike’s ideas of reinforcement • Operant Chamber aka Skinner Box • Animal can hit pedal to receive food/water • Behaviors are charted

  4. How does OC work? • Shaping – operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcersguide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations • Example: Try smoking at school • Consequence A: now member of “cool” peer group • Consequence B: caught, suspended…

  5. Types of Reinforcers Reinforcer – any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

  6. Reinforcers 1. Primary Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink, sleep or sex. 2. Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer: A learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer. ex. Money

  7. Immediate & Delayed Reinforcers Immediate Reinforcer: A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior. A rat gets a food pellet for a bar press. Delayed Reinforcer: A reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior. A paycheck that comes at the end of a week. We may be inclined to engage in small immediate reinforcers (watching TV) rather than large delayed reinforcers (getting an A in a course) which require consistent study.

  8. Reinforcement Schedules 1. Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforces the desired response each time it occurs. 2. Partial Reinforcement: Reinforces a response only part of the time. Though this results in slower acquisition in the beginning, it shows greater resistance to extinction later on.

  9. Ratio Schedules 1. Fixed‐ratio schedule: Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. (e.g., piecework pay.) 2. Variable‐ratio schedule: Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. This is hard to extinguish because of the unpredictability. (e.g., behaviors like gambling, fishing.)

  10. Punishment An aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows

  11. Punishment 1. Results in unwanted fears. 2. Conveys no information to the organism. 3. Justifies pain to others. 4. Causes unwanted behaviors to reappear in its absence. 5. Causes aggression towards the agent. 6. Causes one unwanted behavior to appear in place of another. (Larzelaere & Baumring, 2002)

  12. Let’s try it… • Identify the type of operant conditioning in each example: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment or negative punishment.

  13. You set your alarm clock in order to get to work on time. We all wish to get to work on time so our boss does not get upset. Avoiding upsetting your boss is a type of payoff that involves avoiding something bad, so this is _________________ reinforcement. (positive or negative)

  14. If you are encouraged to study so to avoid getting an F, that consequence is a ______________reinforcement.

  15. When little Mary throws her food on the floor she receives a slap to her hand and a firm, “No!” What type of operant conditioning is this?

  16. You wax your skis and when you go skiing with them, people stop zooming by you on the slopes which you have always hated. • What effect will this have on the behavior of waxing your skis? What type of operant conditioning is this?

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