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7 – False Memory False memories are surprisingly common. ● Laboratory Studies ● Eyewitness Memory ● Memories of Abuse. False Recall Experiment Ss heard list of words related to missing critical word (e.g., sleep)
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7 – False Memory False memories are surprisingly common. ● Laboratory Studies ● Eyewitness Memory ● Memories of Abuse
False Recall Experiment Ss heard list of words related to missing critical word (e.g., sleep) Later, Ss tried to recall words and gave confidence rating for each response (1-5). Many Ss falsely recalled critical word, often with high confidence (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995)
Would this procedure produce false memories if Ss knew hypothesis in advance?
Demo Again, I will quickly read a list of words related to the same topic. Please close your eyes and listen carefully. Lunch butter food eat sandwich cheese flour jelly dough crust loaf toast slice
For each word, Raise your hand if word was on list Raise 1 – 5 fingers, depending on confidence. 1 = unsure 5 = certain Recognition Test Butter yes Meal no Food yes Eat yes Mustard no Pepper no Sandwich yes Cheese yes Flour yes Jelly yes Bread no Dough yes Lettuce no Crust yes Loaf yes Toast yes Pepper still no Slice yes
Demo. Circle your answer. 1. Which city is farther west? Reno Los Angeles 2. Which city is farther north? Milan (Italy) Toronto (Canada) 3. What portion of India lies south of the equator? none 1/3 2/3 all 4. What portion of Africa lies south of the equator? none 1/3 2/3 all 5. What portion of South America lies east of Tampa? none 1/3 2/3 all
Odd # questions were easy fillers. Even # questions were critical items.
2. Which city is farther north? Milan (Italy) Toronto (Canada) Milan 45°N Toronto 43°N
5. What portion of South America lies east of Tampa? All North America Northwest South America Southeast
Study Ss answered geography questions. Which is farther north, Rome or NYC? Answer: Rome Why? In Ss’ mental map, North America and Europe are equally north.
Experiment Ss studied ambiguous picture with a verbal label. eyeglasses OR barbell When tested, Ss’ drawings skewed toward verbal label. Thus, verbal label distorted memory. (Carmichael, Hogan, & Walters, 1932)
Experiment Each S was first told to wait (alone) in a professor’s office before study began. Later, an E led S to another room. S given surprise test: “Recall items in the office.” Most Ss recalled “books” but office had none. Thus, prior knowledge created false memory. (Brewer & Treyens, 1981)
Misinformation Experiment Study Phase: Ss saw slide show in which red car stops at a stop sign (right slide below). Questionnaire Phase: Ss answer many questions. Question 17 was: Did another car pass the red Datsun while it was stopped at the _____? stop sign (truth group) or yield sign (misinformation group) Test: “Which of these two slides did you see during the Study phase?” Percent Correct truth 75% (Loftus et al., 1978) misinformation 41%
Experiment S saw doctored photo of S in a hot air balloon as a child. Later, about ½ of the Ss recalled details from their “memory” of balloon ride. Photo added credibility to misinformation. (Garry & Gerrie, 2005)
Misinformation can produce impossible memory. Experiment Ss evaluated fake Disneyland ad featuring Bugs Bunny (who is not a Disney character). Later, many Ss recalled meeting Bugs Bunny while visiting Disneyland. (Braun et al., 2002; Braun-LaTour et al., 2004)
Misinformation can produce false memory of trauma. Experiment E recruited sibling pairs for study about “personality traits of siblings” (a lie). Older sibling became confederate. Older sib told younger sib 16 stories about young sib’s childhood. 15 stories were true, 1 was false (lost in shopping mall) Later, younger S recalled details about false memory. When told that 1 story was false, most younger sibs could not identify it. (Loftus & Coan, 1994)
Jim tells E the following story while his 14-year-old brother Chris listens: Jim: “It was 1981 or 1982. I remember that Chris was five. We had gone shopping at the University City shopping mall in Spokane. After some panic, we found Chris being led down the mall by a tall, oldish man (I think he was wearing a flannel shirt). Chris was crying and holding the man’s hand. The man explained that he had just found Chris walking around crying his eyes out just a few moments before and was trying to help him find his parents.”
Chris is later asked to recall every story on numerous days. Here are excerpts from his “memory” of being lost in the shopping mall Day 2: “That day I was so scared that I would never see my family again. I knew that I was in trouble.” Day 3: “I remember my mom telling me never to do that again.” Day 4: I also remember the old man’s flannel shirt.” Day 14: I was with you guys for a second and I think I went over to look at the toy store, the Kay-Bee toy and, uh, we got lost and I was looking around and I thought, “Uh-oh. I’m in trouble now.” You know. And then I … I thought I was never going to see my family again. I was really scared you know. And then this old man, I think he was wearing a blue flannel, came up to me … he was kind of old. He was kind of bald on top … he had like a ring of gray hair … and he had glasses.”
Face Memory Demo You’ll see several faces, one at a time. Just look at each face.
Get ready for Test phase You’ll see 15 faces. Your page is numbered 1 - 15. For each test face, write “yes” if test face was one of the study faces. Twist: Add confidence rating 1 = guess 5 = certain
Face Memory Demo 1 2 target (1) 3 4 target (2) 5 6 7 target (3) 8 9 10 11 target (4) 12 13 14 target (5) 15 H = / 5 = FA = / 10 = H – FA = Were 9, 10, and 13 harder than other foils? Each was a repeat foil 9 = 3 10 = 5 13 = 1
False Eyewitness Identification False IDs are sometimes caused by misinformation. Example Witness describes Culprit X. Witness shown mug book photo of Y, who resembles X. Witness says, “Maybe, but I don’t think so.” Later, police ask Witness to look at photos again. Witness says, “Yeah, Y is the guy.” (Source memory error.) Y goes to prison.
Demo Photo of man who robbed store and killed guard
Can you spot the culprit? Answer: He’s not there! 1 2 3 4 5 Source: Gary Wells
