Standard: 16.Describe the decline of Egypt and rise of other African cultures: Kush, Ghana, Mali, Songhai, including tra

1. Standard: 16.Describe the decline of Egypt and rise of other African cultures: • Kush, Ghana, Mali, Songhai, including trade, products, slavery, learning, • Beginnings and spread of Judaism and Islam

2. Ancient Africa Aksum, Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and Great Zimbabwe

3. Aksum • Major force for 800 years • Oldest Christian country • Outstanding achievements • Rich trading center

4. Christianity • Around A.D. 300 Aksum’s people became Christian • Among first Christians in the world • Followed a leader called the Patriarch

5. King Ezana • Ruler from A.D. 325 – 360 • Conquered part of Arabian Peninsula • Named “King of Kings”

6. Achievements • Architecture • Writing System • Mint Coins • Trade Center

7. Unique Architecture • Used stone instead of brick • Perfect fit, no mortar

8. Writing System • The first sub Saharan kingdom to develop its own writing system.

9. First country south of the Sahara to mint its own coins. Printed with the saying: “May the country be satisfied.” Mint Coins

10. Trade Center • Traders came from Egypt, India, Arabia and the Roman Empire • African trade goods Gold Ivory Cloth Rhinoceros horns

11. Aksum’s Decline • 700 A.D. Bagdad took over control of shipping • Aksum lost its importance • 900 A.D. Aksum overthrown by local nobels and was gone

12. West African Empires • Ghana • Mali • Songhai

13. Gold • Salt

14. Empire of Ghana • A major power in Africa from 700’s • Major source of gold • Trade Center

15. Gold • Rulers of Ghana “masters of the gold” • Traded gold for salt • Needed to preserve food • Equal in value

16. Trade Center • Located along the major trade routes in North Africa • Kings of Ghana controlled the gold-for-salt trade

17. Supply and Demand • Kings kept gold scarce • Supply – goods or resources people are willing to sell • Demand – people’s willingness to buy an item.

18. Ghana’s Decline • Ghana’s wealth created envy • Rival kingdoms wanted to control the gold trade • In 1000’s neighbors attacked • By 1230 Ghana was gone

19. Mali • Sunjata • Timbuktu • Mansa Musa

20. Sunjata • Legend: the king of Ghana murdered every prince except Sunjata, he was disabled • Sunjata conquered his enemies and by 1230 became leader of Mali

21. Sunjata • Set up an organized government • Made salt-for-gold trade more profitable • Sunjata was Muslim but let his people practice their own religion

22. Timbuktu • Center of Culture Famous University Large Mosques

23. Great ruler of Mali Extended the borders and power of Mali Muslim Went on a pilgrimage to Mecca Respected education Brought Muslim scholars to Timbuktu Mansa Musa

24. Mali’s Decline • When Mansa Musa died in 1337, Mali rulers grew weak • Mali was replaced by the Songhai Empire

25. Songhai Empire • Sunnai Ali • Askia Muhammad • Griots

26. Sunni Ali • Took control of salt and gold trade • Had well trained foot soldiers and a cavalry • Was a brilliant military leader • Expanded Songhai’s borders

27. Askia Muhammad • Sanghai reached its greatest power under Sunnai’s successor, Askia Muhammad

28. Griots • People who tell stories and sing songs • Historic events • Important traditions • Helps people to learn about their past • Still exist today

29. Songhai’s Decline • Songhai grew too large to rule • Army was weaker than conquerors • Morocco warriors armed with gunpowder and cannons defeated the Songhai in 1591

30. South Africa • Great Zimbabwe • Developed between 1000 and 1400

31. Great Zimbabwe • Called “City of Stone” • Largest stone town in South Africa

32. Located on a major trade route The city sat on a gold mine Allowed them to control the gold trade

33. By the late 1400’s Great Zimbabwe was abandoned Why? Some Suggestions: • Too much cattle grazing? • Natural disaster (famine)?

34. Evaluation • Geography of Africa map activity • Chapter test