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KUSH

GHANA. MALI. KUSH. AXUM. KINGDOM OF KUSH. 700 BC-300 AD Egyptian influences paramount Trade contacts during Middle Kingdom Taken over during New Kingdom Became guardian of pure Egyptian culture Period of Black Pharaohs (750-700 BC). Kush liberates Egypt from Lybians. GOLDEN AGE OF KUSH.

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KUSH

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  1. GHANA MALI KUSH AXUM

  2. KINGDOM OF KUSH • 700 BC-300 AD • Egyptian influences paramount • Trade contacts during Middle Kingdom • Taken over during New Kingdom • Became guardian of pure Egyptian culture • Period of Black Pharaohs (750-700 BC). Kush liberates Egypt from Lybians

  3. GOLDEN AGE OF KUSH 300 BC – 100 AD Keys to Success location land energetic people

  4. KINGDOM OF KUSH Located upriver from Egypt, its number one trading partner Area around Meroe was well-watered, creating a broad expanse of pasture and crop land around the city Also located on several key caravan routes leading to the Red Sea and the Arab commercial cities of the Arabian coast Produced enough food to feed entire kingdom and also produce a surplus

  5. CULTURE Engraved walls Stone pyramids Developed own writing system in 300 BC (not translated yet)

  6. DOWNFALL OF KUSH • Rapid decline after 100 AD • REASONS • Exhaustion of agricultural land • Decline of Egypt • Loss of trade routes to Red Sea

  7. AXUM

  8. KINGDOM OF AXUM • Part Arab/part native African • Merchants par excellence • Capital city: Axum • Created huge empire that encompassed East Africa • Built engraved walls, obelisks (65 feet tall with rounded arches at top)

  9. DOWNFALL OF AXUM • King Ezana adopts Christianity in 400 AD • Shortrun: strengthened trade ties with Christian Middle East • Longrun: Axum cut off from Christian world by Arab conquest of Middle East and North Africa • Wealth declined and empire gradually lost by 900 AD

  10. SAHARA DESERT TRAFFIC Siljimassa Sahara Desert • Only could follow specific routes across the desert, allowing local strongmen who controlled these routes to tax caravans Caravan route Moslem North African merchants sent caravans across the Sahara Desert to acquire kola nuts, gums, cotton cloth, hides, slaves, and gold Medium of exchange was salt

  11. GHANA • First state was Ghana • Controlled route from Sijilmassa to southern gold mines • Developed powerful and created empire in West Africa • Did not convert to Islam until late in its history • Collapse when it lost control of trade route

  12. New routes Sahara Desert Old caravan route RISE OF MALI

  13. MALI • Controlled several trade routes across the Sahara • Created West African empire • Developed economic infrastructure • Adopted Islam early in history • Timbuktu: capital and center of Islamic learning and worship

  14. MANSA MUSA • Made pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 • Accompanied by huge retinue of servants and retainers • Spent massive amounts of gold as gifts and for supplied • Results • Advertised wealth and power of Mali throughout Islamic world • Intensified Islamic influence within Mali

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