A History of the United States Pre-Columbus to the Civil War

A History of the United States Pre-Columbus to the Civil War Final/District Exam Preparation

Native Americans • Took the Bering Strait land bridge created because the glacial maximum (ice age) lowered sea levels and covered the area in an ice sheet • Natives were following and hunting migrating animals • Experts disagreed about when the migration occurred. Generally accepted time period: 40,000 to 12,000 BC

Pre-Columbian Native American lifestyle and economy • Depended upon the natural surroundings (flora and fauna) which would determine the economic activity. Ex) Abundant rivers with fish= economy/lifestyle based upon the trading of fish • General Geographical Areas in what would become the U.S. • Pacific Northwest- Fishing • Southwest- Dry agriculture, pottery, minerals (for trade) • Plains Indians- Wild buffalo and other game hunters • Northeast and southeast- mix of agricultural and fishing

Colonization of the New World • Spain conquered South America (local empires like the Incan and Aztec fell), and directly ruled them as vice-royalities • England after an initial failure (Roanoke) set up the first successful colonies and on the East Coast of America (Jamestown & Massachusetts) • The Dutch for a short time would have New Netherland (New York) • France would take Canada • Both the French and Dutch would lose their colonies in wars with Great Britain.

European New World Colonies (Early 1700s) Land area from Greatest to Least Spain- (Green) Controlled all of central America, half of South America, Mexico, and southwest U.S. Portugal (Tan)- Central and Eastern South America France (Blue) Louisiana territory,, southern and eastern Canada, British (red)- East Coast and Hudson Bay 4. Russia (Brown) Alaska and western Canada

Jamestown Settlement • Picked by settlers because it could be easily defended (triangular peninsula) • Initially middle class gentlemen and their servants • Lust for gold, after finding none settled for a tobacco based economy (John Rolfe smuggled the seed from Spain) • Started as a proprietary settlement (company controlled), after troubles with the Natives changed to a Royal colony (controlled by the King)

Mercantilism • European Empires especially the British used this economic system • Based upon… • governmental chartered corporations • customs offices • taxation • restriction of access to ports outside of the empire All play apart of controlling trade and supporting the central government. - System is most apparent in pre-Revolution British America

Colonial Economies- Main Products for Trade/Export • New England: Fish • Middle colonies (New York, Jersey, Pennsylvania): Wheat • Upper South (Virginia, North Carolina)- Tobacco • Lower South (South Carolina, Georgia)- Rice and Indigo

What happened to the Natives? • Before Columbus estimates from 60-75 million across the Americas and 10 million in what would become U.S. territory • European diseases especially small pox decimated the population • White settlers continually pushed and displaced Natives off of their ancestral lands

Pilgrims/Puritans/Puritanism • Pilgrims- Puritans who wanted to start a whole new civilization (Plymouth Colony) • Puritans- Still connected to England, wanted to purify English society (Massachusetts Bay Colony which incorporated Plymouth) Main Beliefs= Strict following of the Bible and hard work (prove you are a chosen one)

Quakers • Non-conformist religious society. Did not obey government/laws. Only obeyed God and everyone had the ability to hear God (belief). Did not believe in war, rather believe in peaceful co-existence • Despised in England fled to New England and did not get along with the Puritans William Penn (Quaker Aristocrat) secured the Pennsylvania colony as a Quaker refuge • Pennsylvania as a Quaker colony was very open to everyone (Philadelphia- City of Brotherly Love) • Good relations with Natives (Quakers do not believe in war

French and Indian War (7 years war in Europe) • The British and colonist vs. the French - Most Indian allied with the French, some neutral, some with the British • Fighting in North America occurred in Canada, New England, and Ohio river valley • British were the victors (but cost them a lot of money), received French colonies east of the Mississippi, and Canada

Road to Revolution (1760-1776) • Proclamation line of 1763- prevented colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains • Discontent in colonial America with a variety of taxes, and no representation in the British Parliament (no taxation without representation). • Protests (Tea Party) and violent outbreaks (Boston Massacre) • Thomas Paine (Common Sense) and Sam Adams (Circulatory Letter and Committee of Correspondence) published said letters and pamphlets urging America to break away • Continental Congress organizes an army and declares Independence (written by Thomas Jefferson)

Road to Revolution- Boston Massacre (Riot) • 200 drunk rowdy protesters gathered around the customs house - fired insults, threats, and physically attacked the very young British soldiers with ice chunks and clubs - first shot went off accidently as a British soldier was knocked unconscious by an ice chunk - Officers fearing for their life fired their muskets

Declaration of Independence • Lays out the argument colonial America has with the British; at a point of no return • Thomas Jefferson drew upon the concept of Natural Rights developed by John Locke in his argument against the tyranny of the British Crown and Parliament

Evolution of U.S. Government At its’ core the U.S. has a…. • Federalist (Federalism) government- Sharing of powers between the national government and state governments Articles of Confederation (1781-1789) vs. Constitution (1789 to present) • Articles: Very weak national gov’t (state gov’ts stronger). Barbary war/Shays Rebellion/inability to collect taxes and govern ruined it • Constitution: Strong national gov’t, 3 branches, Bill of Rights secured by the Anti-federalists

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • The one victory of the Articles of Confederation • Set up the Northwest territory gained from Britain in the 1783 Treaty of Paris • Determined how territory would be divided and what the population numbers would need to be to become a state (60,000).

Constitutional Convention (1787) • Articles of Confederation proven to be too weak • Issues between how the government especially legislature would be set up. Small state (1 per state) vs. large state (proportion) plans • Great Compromise establishes a two-house legislature: House of Representatives based on proportion; Senate- 2 senators per state

Washington’s Presidency Most Influential and powerful men in Washington’s cabinet • Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of State • Alexander Hamilton- Secretary of Treasurer Washington tried to play the middle ground between Thomas Jefferson (small weak federal gov’t/agricultural society) and Alexander Hamilton (strong federal gov’t, support and protect manufacturing)

Washington’s Presidency Continued • Usually sided with Hamilton - Tariffs imposed - Excised tax on Whiskey which leads to the… Whisky Rebellion - Tax was very unpopular; impacted farmers rose up in rebellion • Test of the Constitution and Hamilton’s economic program • Rebellion was successfully put down

Economics of the U.S. Post Revolution (1781) to Civil War (1861) • North put a lot of importance into manufacturing and shipping • South put a lot of importance on agriculture Reason: North= Short growing season, rocky soil, and natural harbors (New York, Baltimore, and Boston among the best) South= good growing climate (long summers/mild winter, abundant rainfall), good soil for cash crops (tobacco, rice, and later cotton)

Technological Improvements • The system of canals, invention of the steamship, and railroads brought regions closer together and helped spur the industrial revolution in America

Education • First support for a literate public (ability to read) came from the Massachusetts Bay Colony • Main reason- wanted their children to be to read the Bible After Independence • Jefferson and many enlightenment figures in favor of public education • Horace Mann leads the drive for public education by supporting laws that mandate children attend school • Northern states take the lead and create “normal” schools; Southern states lag behind Why public schools? 1. Provide enough education for common people to do factory work. 2. Modernizers thought it was the best way to turn the nation's unruly children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens

Clay’s American System (1820s to 1850s) • High tariffs (taxes on imported goods) that the North and Northeast favored. South and west hated them. Tariffs protected industry and… • Money from tariffs and taxes raised would go to building infrastructure (canals, train tracks, ports, interstate roads) • South would send agricultural goods to the North to be manufactured into finished goods Overall Goal: To unite the country economically One adverse effect to the South was that it remained behind the North in industry, railroads, and food production. This would play a key role in why the North won the Civil War

Important Supreme Court DecisionMarbury v. Madison (1803) Sole important reason why this Supreme Court decision is important is… - The right for the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional and/or clarify the meaning of a law

Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Napoleon (France) needed money, U.S. got a great deal • President Jefferson concerned it might not be legal under the Constitution (did it anyway) • Doubled the size of the U.S.

Territorial Expansion 1800-1853 • Manifest Destiny- Idea that America is destined to expand and settle all of the land west to the Pacific Coast Major Acquisitions • Already stated Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Annexation of Texas (1845)- Texans revolted against the Mexican gov’t, then asked U.S. to annex the territory • Oregon Territory (1846)- Worked out disputed land with the British and set the rest of the Canada/U.S. border • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) land ceded from Mexico to the U.S. after the Mexican-American War • Gadsden Purchase (1853) http://www.latenightwithjimmyfallon.com/video/the-gadsden-purchase/n14314/

Expansion of the U.S.

The Famous Andrew Jackson • Won national fame in the War of 1812 winning the battle of New Orleans (even though the war had been over for several weeks) • Involved in multiple wars against Natives in the Southeast • Cheated out of the Presidency in 1824 (John Q. Adams won) • Won the Presidency in 1828

Andrew Jackson’s Presidency • Nullification Crisis with South Carolina- threatened to secede over tariffs. Jackson occupied S. Carolina with the army/navy and ended the crisis • Jacksonian Democracy- Getting rid of property requirements to be eligible to vote. Electing common men. Economic policies that led to the Panic of 1837 and subsequent recession (lasted until mid 1840s) • Issued a mandate (specie circular) stating that all land claims be paid for in gold or silver • Destroyed the National Bank and establish state banks in its place • Decided that local bank currency would be favorable to a centralized currency. (Many currencies created resulting in high inflation)

Jackson’s Native American Policy • Forced removal of the Natives from valuable land to land with little value further west. • Indian Removal Act (1830) • Cherokee took the case to the Supreme Court and won. Jackson still did not care, "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it!“ and plans moved forward to remove the Natives from the Southeast resulting in the Trail of Tears.

King Jackson? • Opponents would call Jackson that because… - he was disinterested in compromise - wanted (and in many cases received) broad, unchecked executive power - his extensive use of the veto (more than the rest of the presidents before him combined)

Second Great Awakening • Wait there was a first? 1730s-1740s Christian revival across Europe and America • 2nd Great Awakening (1790s to 1840s) - Remedy the evils of society before the second coming of Jesus - Fire and brimstone Preachers traveling from town to town - Conversion events - Conversion of slaves Foreshadowing: 3rd Great Awakening will have a major impact on the Constitution and the consumption of alcohol

Jacksonian Democracy and the Second Great Awakening Importance: Shows the power an average citizen can have in the social and political spheres of a free democracy.

Causes of the Civil War (very rough background) • Missouri Compromise (1820)- Missouri=Slave State. Maine= Free State. Slavery below 36th parallel (free above it) • Compromise of 1850- California free state, popular sovereignty for Utah and Nevada Popular sovereignty: residents of the territory would vote on whether or not to have slavery • Other topics: Kansas-Nebraska Act, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Bleeding Kansas, John Brown, Underground Railroad, Fugitive Slave Act, Nullification Crisis, 3/5th Compromise.

1850s to 1860 Politics Many minor parties in the early 1850s and one big national party (Democrats) • Whigs- formerly a major party, but split over slavery • Know-nothing/nativists- anti immigrants • Free-soil: opposed the expansion of slavery • In the mid 1850s it combined several minor parties like the Whigs and Free-soil parties, and activists, abolitionists and modernizers • By 1860 Democrats split over how to handle the slavery issue • 1860 Lincoln nominated by the Republicans Major factor that united the Republicans- opposition to slavery and the expansion of it.

Lincoln and the Civil War • When it began Lincoln’s main goal was to preserve the Union and hoped to repair the damage from the bad feelings over the 1860 election. Middle of the War Lincoln shifted gears on slavery • Emancipation Proclamation- Abolished slavery in the South (still legal in border states) • Passed the 13th Amendment which officially abolished slavery in all of the U.S.

Rough Overview of the Civil War • Incredibly destructive in terms of lives and property • Early on the South (Confederacy) had many victories but with the North (Union) having the superiority in population, railroads, and industry wore down the South (Confederacy) • Northern (Union) victory resulted in the U.S. coming back together; the South would undergo extensive reconstructive efforts, slaves received their freedom but their rights were undermined by Jim Crow laws (black codes) in the South

Women Revolutionary War to Civil War • Began demanding the right to an education • Began working in the textile mills • Began to become active in reform movements (Seneca Falls Declaration) Civil War - Started to act as military nurses

Mini DBQs • Mayflower Compact- First governing document of Plymouth Colony • War of 1812 and its’ relationship to the Napoleonic wars in Europe and the settlement of the Northwest Territory - Connection to Europe: 1. Napoleon had sold to the U.S. the Louisiana Territory to help fund his European conquest. 2. America perceived the British to be tied up with Napoleon so it was a good time to push British out of the Northwest Territory. (They still manned forts in the NW) 3. The British (and French) had been seizing American merchant vessels and impressing American sailors which riled the American public and politicians. Connection to the Northwest Territory 1. Area (Wisconsin to Ohio) received from the British in the Treaty of Paris (1783). 2. American settlers moved into the area and had confrontations with the local Natives leading to armed conflicts between the settlers/American military vs. the Natives 3. Natives were discovered to be receiving military supplies from the British 4. Control of the upper Mississippi and Great Lakes were in dispute as control was not clarified in the Treaty of Paris (1783) • Northern Civil War troop morale- Generally low; cause was unclear for many soldiers; spirits would be lifted by victories and pay

A History of the United States Pre-Columbus to the Civil War