Reason and Revolution Poli 110J

Reason and RevolutionPoli 110J Nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments, and common sense

Causes of Revolution • Economic exploitation by England • Taxation, forcible quartering of soldiers, violation of property rights • Legal domination • British soldiers to be tried only in England, forced alteration of MA charter, restriction of town meetings • Governmental oppression • Colonies have no say in taxation, diminished voice in own gov’t

Thomas Paine • B. Feb. 9 1737, Thetford, England • Arrives in American colonies 1774 • Common Sense: 1776 • Rights of Man: 1790, supporting French Revolution, elected to National Convention, imprisoned by Robespierre 1793 • Age of Reason: 1794, 1795, 1807 • Returns to US 1803 • Dies 1809

Common Sense • January, 1776 • Massively influential • Before its publication, about 1/3 of American colonials supported the break from Britain, 1/3 opposed, and 1/3 were undecided • After, it was closer to 2/3 in favor of Revolution • Focused strongly on the containment of governmental power • Reason vs. passion, tradition

Common Sense • Against the power of tradition & emotion: • “Perhaps the sentiments contained in the following pages, are not yet sufficiently fashionable to procure them general favor; a long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right, and raises at first a formidable outcry in defense of custom.” (section 1)

Common Sense • Against the power of tradition & emotion: • “The prejudice of Englishmen, in favor of their own government by king, lords, and commons, arises as much or more from national pride than reason.”

Common Sense • Against the power of tradition & emotion: • “The will of the king is as much the law of the land in Britain as in France, with this difference, that instead of proceeding directly from his mouth, it is handed to the people under the most formidable shape of an act of parliament. For the fate of Charles the First, hath only made kings more subtle not more just.”

Common Sense • Against the power of tradition & emotion: • “Wherefore, laying aside all national pride and prejudice in favor of modes and forms, the plain truth is, that it is wholly owing to the constitution of the people, and not to the constitution of the government that the crown is not as oppressive in England as in Turkey.” (section 2)

Common Sense • Against the power of tradition & emotion: • Disinterested reason should be the guide to political action • “In the following pages I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments, and common sense; and have no other preliminaries to settle with the reader, than that he will divest himself of prejudice and prepossession, and suffer his reason and his feelings to determine for themselves; that he will put on, or rather that he will not put off, the true character of a man, and generously enlarge his views beyond the present day.” (section 4)

Common Sense • Reason is believed to be • Impartial & unbiased • A method of reaching universal & definitive truth • Comprehensible by anyone not blinded by passion or bias, regardless of social station (“common sense”) • Thus, it is for Paine the source of just political authority

Common Sense • What’s so bad about kings? (section 3) • Nature does not sanction division of men into Kings and Subjects. It is only customary. • The State of Nature as tool of criticism • A government must not make things worse than they are in the State of Nature if they are to deserve compliance

What’s so bad about kings? The Bible, often used as a source of legitimacy by kings, is in fact anti-monarchical • Samuel vs. a King for Israel (1 Samuel 8) • God & Samuel oppose (only God is king) • People demand king • Taxation, war, oppression the costs of kingship • Capturing the past Thus, kingship is purely a human creation, no more inherently valid or necessary than any other.

Common Sense • What’s so bad about kings? • Hereditary succession is both unjust and impractical • Gives “an ass in place of a lion” for future generations (bad successors) • causes kings to think of themselves as a race apart, corrupts them • Puts the throne in hands of child or a (likely corrupt) regent • Instead of protecting against civil wars, HS promotes them. Would-be rulers can only come to power by force

Common Sense • Why is independence necessary? (sect. 4) • England is violently oppressive, exploiting America for the good of England • England is too far away to govern America effectively, even if it wanted to. • Being a part of the British Empire will inevitably involve America in unnecessary imperial conflicts.

Common Sense • By grounding political authority in reason, Paine is able to make a persuasive argument undermining the foundations of British government, which is based in tradition, religion, and custom.

Common Sense • “Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness; the former promotes our happiness Positively by uniting our affections, the latter negatively by restraining our vices. The one encourages intercourse, the other creates distinctions. The first is a patron, the last a punisher.” • The true end of government is security. (sect. 2)

Common Sense • What is the basis of just government? • Paine quotes Dragonetti: “The science of the politician consists in fixing the true point of happiness and freedom. Those men would deserve the gratitude of ages, who should discover a mode of government that contained the greatest sum of individual happiness, with the least national expense.”

Common Sense • What is the basis of just government? • Freedom • Happiness • Efficiency

Common Sense • How does Paine propose to achieve this? • Commerce • Local government with weak central government • Religious toleration • Rule of Law

Common Sense • Commerce will lead to peace and prosperity: • “Our plan is commerce, and that, well attended to, will secure us the peace and friendship of all Europe; because it is the interest of all Europe to have America a free port. Her trade will always be a protection, and her barrenness of gold and silver secure her from invaders.” (sect. 4)

Common Sense • Local government with weak central government (sect. 5) • Each colony equally represented • Each colony retains sovereignty • Weak executive (needs 60% congressional approval to pass laws) • Continental Charter, guaranteeing political freedom, property, freedom of religion

Common Sense • Religious toleration (sect. 5) • “As to religion, I hold it to be the indispensable duty of all government, to protect all conscientious professors thereof, and I know of no other business which government hath to do therewith… Were we all of one way of thinking, our religious dispositions would want matter for probation; and on this liberal principle, I look on the various denominations among us, to be like children of the same family”

Common Sense • Rule of Law (sect. 5) • “Let a day be solemnly set apart for proclaiming the charter; let it be brought forth placed on the divine law, the word of God; let a crown be placed thereon, by which the world may know, that so far as we approve of monarchy, that in America THE LAW IS KING. For as in absolute governments the King is law, so in free countries the law ought to be King; and there ought to be no other. But lest any ill use should afterwards arise, let the crown at the conclusion of the ceremony be demolished, and scattered among the people whose right it is. A government of our own is our natural right.”

Common Sense • American exceptionalism: • “The sun never shined on a cause of greater worth. 'Tis not the affair of a city, a country, a province, or a kingdom, but of a continent of at least one eighth part of the habitable globe. 'Tis not the concern of a day, a year, or an age; posterity are virtually involved in the contest, and will be more or less affected, even to the end of time, by the proceedings now.” (sect. 1)

Common Sense • “Let the names of Whig and Tory be extinct; and let none other be heard among us, than those of a good citizen, an open and resolute friend, and a virtuous supporter of the RIGHTS of MANKIND and of the FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES OF AMERICA.” (sect. 6) • What does it mean to define your cause as that of all humanity?

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union • Approved for ratification by Second Continental Congress Nov. 2, 1777. • During the war. Became de facto system of gov’t until ratified March 1, 1781.

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union • “To all to whom these Presents shall come, we the undersigned Delegates of the States affixed to our Names send greeting.” • Unlike the Declaration, this is written in the voice of the various states, not in that of a unified, national people.

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union • 1. Officially names the new nation the United States of America • This is really pretty self-explanatory.

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union • 2. Each state remains sovereign except as limited by the Articles • Internally, each state is effectively independent of the rest. Very strong state powers.

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union • 3. The US is a new nation united “in perpetuity” for the preservation of the rights and security of the various states. • Unlike the Declaration of Independence, the Articles explicitly guarantee the rights and security of states more than they do those of individuals. • The individual is understood to be represented be his or her (that is to say, his) community/State.

4. Unrestricted movement between states for all except “paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives.” • Local law applies • Extradition

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union • 5. Each state gets one vote in the Congress of the Confederation • Unicameral legislature • Disproportionately favors small states. Large states asked to contribute more for only an equal share of legislative power.

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union • 6. Powers of war and foreign relations exclusive domain of central government • Internal powers largely remain with states, but the US deals with the outside world as a single political unit. • Standing armies & navies only for central gov’t, but states may have militias

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union • 8. Central government will be paid for via funds raised by the states • No taxation powers or abilities to make funding compulsory • Could only request funding from the states, to be paid on essentially voluntary basis. • Freerider problem

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union • 9. Powers of central government: • Adjudicate between states • War • Weights, measures, currency

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union • 13. Articles of Confederation are perpetual, can only be altered by unanimous consent of all states. • Unanimity is a hard thing to get. This gives each state immense veto powers.

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union • Problems: Central government • Could not enforce requests for funding • Had no draft powers, could not compel states to comply w/requests for troops. • Often was unable to pay soldiers, much less fulfill promise of life pensions to them.

Declaration of Independence • Emerging tensions: • Which has priority, liberty or equality? • Is the United States an alliance of independent states, or is it a single, national people? • What is the relationship of law to the popular sovereign?

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union • Recognition of these problems led to the first major political factionalization of the newly independent United States • Federalists: want fundamental reform of the structure of gov’t, creating a far stronger central government • Anti-federalists: believe that this would infringe on freedoms of the states, and thus of the individuals that they represent.

Reason and Revolution Poli 110J