Sustainable Innovation

1. Sustainable Innovation Making Sense of Technological Complexity Presented by Elson Liu Ohio SchoolNet Conference 2004 March 1, 2004: Columbus, OH http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

2. Crisis Key Question Crises…..….............Questions 1.Technological change 1.What technology do we choose? When? 2.Implementation 2.How do we integrate it into the classroom? 3.Firefighting 3.How do we make it reliable? 4.Lack of resources 4.How do we make it last? 5.Complexity 5.How does it all fit together? http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

3. Question • Sustainable Innovation • What technology do we choose? When? • How do we integrate it into the classroom? • How do we make it reliable? • How do we make it last? • How does it all fit together? http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

4. Choosing Technologies: Individual 1. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, “Teachers and Technology: Making the Connection,” OTA-EHR-616. U.S. Government Printing Office, April 1995, p. 133. http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

5. 2. University of Georgia, “Everett Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations Theory” web-based learning module available from http://www.arches.uga.edu/~bhummel/6200Project/diffusion_of_Innovations.html. Choosing Technologies: Aggregate http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

6. Choice: Sustainable Innovation • With a large relevant market • After they take off in the market • That have established industry standards • Where multiple vendors compete on price • That exhibit rapidly increasing growth • Choose Technologies… http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

7. Question • Sustainable Innovation • What technology do we adopt? When? • How do we integrate it into the classroom? • How do we make it reliable? • How do we make it last? • How does it all fit together? http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

8. Integration: Detailed Process 3. Zaltman, G., Duncan, R., and Holbeck, J. Innovations and Organizations. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1984. http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

9. Integration: Simple Process 4. Adapted from Cuban, L. Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920. Teachers College Press, 1986, pp. 5-6. http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

10. Integration: Factors • “Well-known” issues: • Professional development • Bandwagon effect • Initial Cost • “Less frequently mentioned” issues: • Ongoing costs, inflationary pressures, reversibility, divisibility, terminality, gatekeeping, impact on role of teachers, compatibility with organizational values, leadership, politics http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

11. Possibilities Frontier $ for publicity $ for staff development Integration: Sustainable Innovation • Accept trade-offs: possibilities frontier • Spread resources across multiple strategies • Cyclical implementation • Expand the entire possibilities frontier 5. Adapted from Pindyck, R. and Rubinfeld, D. Microeconomics, Third Edition. Prentice Hall, 1995, p. 577. http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

12. Question • Sustainable Innovation • What technology do we adopt? When? • How do we make it work? • How do we make it reliable? • How do we make it last? • How does it all fit together? http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

13. Reliability: Analytical Methods • Risk assessment: Performance as a range of probabilities • Failure analysis: Root causes • Fault tolerance: Single points of failure • Graceful failure: Slow degradation http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

14. Reliability: Risk Profiles 6. Adapted from Kalinsky, D. “Design Patterns for High Availability,” Embedded.com. http://www.embedded.com/story/OEG20020729S0030. July 2002; and other sources. http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

15. Reliability: Sustainable Innovation • Performance: range of probabilities • Fixing: root causes • Prevention: both technical and human • Trade-off: performance v. redundancy • Eliminate: single points of failure • Failure analysis: non-catastrophic faults http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

16. Question • Sustainable Innovation • What technology do we adopt? When? • How do we implement it? • How do we make it reliable? • How do we make it last? • How does it all fit together? http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

17. Public Goods: Characteristics • Economics of public goods: • “Nonrival” and “nonexclusive” • Free riders • Market externality • Tragedy of the commons http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

18. Public Goods: Sustainable Innovation • Develop policies to limit consumption • Plan for depletion • Deploy based on operating costs • Accept responsibility: regulation • Allocate resources: marketization http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

19. Question • Sustainable Innovation • What technology do we adopt? When? • How do we implement it? • How do we make it reliable? • How do we make it last? • How does it all fit together? http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

20. Sustainable Development “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” 7 7. Brundtland, G. Our Common Future: The World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford University Press, 1987. http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html

21. Sustainable Innovation Making Sense of Technological Complexity Presented by Elson Liu Ohio SchoolNet Conference 2004 March 1, 2004: Columbus, OH http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html