Weather and Climate

1. Weather and Climate Mateo Molina, Rafaela Tamayo, Joaquin Bustamante

2. Weather • Is the condition of the of the atmosphere over a short period of time.

3. Climate • Differing from weather, climate is how the atmosphere "behaves" over relatively long periods of time.

4. Temperature and Climate • Temperature depends on the Sun • The stronger the rays the higher the heat. • When cold and warm temperature masses meet, this is what causes different weather conditions. • When a cold air mass moves into a warm air mass, This will then cause the cold air to become denser and heavier than the warm air so it is pushed out underneath the warm air. This type of activity is what causes conditions such as thunderstorms. The air will probably become cooler too as the sky begins to clear from the fronts moving on.

5. Temperature (continue) • The same happens when a warm air moves into a cold one, this will cause the warm air to rise as because it is not as dense or as heavy as the cold air. • This may cause some form of precipitation which falls on the land as snow or rain.

6. Atmosphere and Climate • The atmosphere affects climate an climate affects the atmosphere. • Ozone, which is a gas found in the stratosphere, affects climate, and climate affects ozone. • Temperature, humidity, winds, and the presence of other chemicals in the atmosphere influence ozone formation, and the presence of ozone, affects those atmospheric constituents

7. Atmosphere continue • In the atmosphere there is an effect called the greenhouse effect. • This effect keeps heat on Earth, it avoids all of the sun energy to bounce back to space. • It is part and influences the airs temperature and density, having an impact on climate.

8. Precipitation and Climate • Precipitation adds moisture to the atmosphere. • It is one of the factors that controls climate as well as temperature. • Precipitation is one stage of the water cycle therefore it is essential for the cycle to be complete. • The water cycle has a major impact on weather.

9. Clouds • Vapor, which is water in the state of gas make up 0% to 4% of the atmosphere. • Water vapor is invisible but it immediately starts to cool and becomes some sort of steamy clouds of very tiny drops of water. • This process is called condensation. • Earth's atmosphere is made up of tiny dust particles of volcanic ash, forest fires, dust storms and human pollution. • Winds mix these particles with the air, when the steams cool the water drops condenses around these tiny particles. Other drops will join and eventually it will form a cloud. • Clouds really are trillions of trillions of water droplets. While the drops are still small they will keep floating in the air as a cloud.

10. Clouds • Wind stretches and moves the clouds through the atmosphere. • Not all clouds are made up of tiny droplets. In winter and really high clouds in the atmosphere, where the temperature is really low, the clouds are made up of tiny ice crystals.

11. Clouds • If too much water condenses in a particle the water will fall as precipitation in the form of snow and rain. • If the air close to the surface is above freezing point the precipitation will be water (liquid), but if the temperature is below freezing the precipitation will be solid. When the falling water starts as water and then freezes it is called sleet. Hailstones are another manifestation of frozen water. During a thunderstorm the water droplets get caught, while falling, by huge upward wind that takes them the higher altitudes where they freeze. This process happens many times. Hail can be as big as a golf ball or only like marbles.

12. Clouds • If the air close to the surface is above freezing point the precipitation will be water (liquid), but if the temperature is below freezing the precipitation will be solid. When the falling water starts as water and then freezes it is called sleet. • Hailstones are another manifestation of frozen water. During a thunderstorm the water droplets get caught, while falling, by huge upward wind that takes them the higher altitudes where they freeze. This process happens many times. Hail can be as big as a golf ball or only like marbles.

13. Types of Clouds • There are four main types of clouds. • Cirrus • Cumulonimbus • Cumulus • Stratus

14. Cirrus • They are high altitude clouds made up of ice crystals. Due to wind these clouds take long wispy horsetail or feathered shapes. They come along with cooler and fair weather.

15. Cumulonimbus • They are towering and dark clouds that have a nimbus or halo of gray and white. These clouds mean that rain is going to happen.

16. Cumulus • They are puffy cotton-ball clouds. they form when water droplets condense at middle altitudes. They usually appear on clear warm days. These clouds can become cumulonimbus or thunderstorm clouds.

17. Stratus • These clouds appear on gray cloudy days. They are low layer of dark gray. They sometimes bring light rain or snow storms.

18. Clouds and climate • Clouds reflect away more energy than they retain. • It cools the Earth • High clouds, which are made mostly by ice, absorb more infrared radiation than water. They are thin, therefore they also allow sunlight to pass through to warm the ground. High clouds then have a warming effect.

19. Clouds effect • Clouds reflect about 20% of the total incoming solar radiation. They absorb about 3% of incoming solar radiation and absorb infrared radiation from the Earth.

20. Human Activity • Over the past years, humans have affected the atmosphere, ozone layer and climate. • There are 3 main “fingerprints” that suggest that humans have harm the environment

21. Evidence 1(climate+oceans) • Ocean layers have warm. • They have absorbed 20 times as much heat as the atmosphere over the past half-century • This leads to a climatic unbalance because more water is evaporating, altering the water cycle.

22. Evidence 2 (atmosphere) • The boundary that separates the troposphere from the stratosphere, the tropopause, is as high as nine miles above the equator and as low as five miles above the poles. • In 2003 a study showed that this tropopause has moved upward over the last two decades by more than 900 feet. • This was caused by heat-trapping emissions, aerosol pollution, and ozone depletion

23. Evidence 3 (greenhouse effect) • The atmosphere has also under grown a series of “man attacks”. The methane and carbon dioxide levels have risen dramatically • This two gasses, among many more, form the greenhouse effect. • The Sun’s energy enters the Earth, it hits the surface and bounces back to space. Some of the heat is trapped. This is the greenhouse effect, which is vital, but the excessive emissions have caused too much heat to be trapped, rising the temperatures

24. Ozone layer • Ozone is a gas found in the stratosphere. • It protects Earth by absorbing the harmful radiation from the Sun. • Humans play a key role in its depletion. • produced chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). This chemicals break up the composition of ozone • Ozone hole: discovered in 1970s in Antartica

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