1 / 27

Analytical Modeling in Structural Geology

Analytical Modeling in Structural Geology. R. C. Fletcher PGP, University of Oslo GEOMOD2010, Lisbon, Portugal 9/27/2010. with acknowledgements to: Ezra Pound, poet George Polya , mathematician Bill Chapple, structural geologist Ophelia, cat.

orrin
Télécharger la présentation

Analytical Modeling in Structural Geology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Analytical Modeling in Structural Geology R. C. Fletcher PGP, University of Oslo GEOMOD2010, Lisbon, Portugal 9/27/2010

  2. with acknowledgements to: Ezra Pound, poet George Polya, mathematician Bill Chapple, structural geologist Ophelia, cat

  3. Laccoliths of the Henry Mountains, Utah & Gilbert’s model (1875-1880)

  4. Analytical modeling in structural geology (AMSG) entire, iterative process connecting two elements: (1) sets of observations of a naturally deformed rock mass (2) description of the physics of deformation provided by continuum mechanics. Connected through the formulation, implementation and application of a model.

  5. Following Pappus of Alexandria (290-350), as discussed in the mathematician G. Polya’s book “How to Solve It,” a distinction may be made between analysis, or solution backward, or regressive reasoning, and synthesis, or constructive solution, or progressive reasoning. Going from (1) to (2) is chiefly analysis; going from (2) to (1) is chiefly synthesis.

  6. FAULTS 25% “FOLDS” 13% FABRIC 25% EXP’TS – RHEOLOGY & ANALOG MODELS 10% KINEMATIC MODELS 11% AMSG (?) 16% N = 111 papers in JSG

  7. Theory • “Theory” is the underlying physics. There is no “theory of folding”; no “theory for metamorphic differentiation” • A theory is closed. • An application of continuum mechanics is to model folding or metamorphic differentiation. Continuum mechanics is the theory.

  8. Exhibit: AMSG in the study of rock folding Ramberg (1960): Ld/H = 2p/(2/3R)1/3; a figure of two folds gives L/H ~ 6.2. Using Ld/H ~ L/H, R = 1.4. Equation not used; folds used to illustrate “contact strain” within a zone of thickness ~ Ld. Biot (1961) : Ld/H = 2p/(6/R)1/3 : R = 6. Thick-plate solution: R = 1. Biot, Ode and Roever (1961) demonstrated Biot results in experiments, so the geologists would “believe” them. Folds in a pitch- corn syrup assembly for which R ~ 2200, yielded L/H = Ld/H = 45; a value yet to be seen in nature. Currie, Patnode & Trump (1962) report L/H ~ 27, but where this value comes from remains a mystery. Sherwin & Chapple (1968) test Ld/H ~ L/H. Chapple surprised with small L/H measured by Sherwin; he had seen many single-layer folds. Their AMSG application required incorporation of layer thickening during wavelength selection. R ~ 14 – 35.

  9. Chapple (1968), Dieterich & Onat (1968), Dietrich & Carter (1969) & Parrish (1973: power-law) : FEM; relationships between folding and cleavage; distributions of stress and strain. [Re: “folding mechanisms”] Fletcher (1974) & Smith (1977) single-layer folding in power-law materials, extended interpretation of small values L/H ~ 4 – 6. Biot (1961) treated nonlinearity in thin-plate approximation. Fletcher got 3 < n < 12 for limestone layer in shale. Fletcher & Sherwin (1978): distribution of L/H provides another fitting parameter. Hudleston & Holst (1984) estimate rheological parameters for single-layer folds of limestone in shale; n was poorly-constrained. Petrographic study of deformation mechanisms: twinning, stylolites, veins & of strain distribution.

  10. Exhibit: Castile microfolds Field observations [1] Cylindrical microfolds Castile Formation, Permian Basin west Texas & New Mexico Stacked SLUs from “infinite” multilayer

  11. THEORY [2] Unknowns Equations 6 3 3 1 6 6 0 6-1

  12. SLU VII Ld/H = 4.2 Hi: 1, 1, 1 Ai: 0.4, 1, 0.6 SLU VI SLU VII

  13. Link (1) and (2): The model The sciences do not try to explain, they hardly even try to interpret, they mainly make models. By a model is meant a mathematical construct which, with the addition of certain verbal interpretations, describes observed phenomena. The justification of such a mathematical construct is solely and precisely that it is expected to work. John von Neumann

  14. What is the question? Rheological parameters for a fit & are they plausible? Two alternate models for SLU VII 3 layers, equal thickness, bounded by rigid, frictionless platens slip parameter Q*=h*H/hd* stress exponent n 3 layers, equal thickness, bounded by viscous ½-space R = h/h2 Note: actual thicknesses & amplitudes shown; models are symmetric equivalents

  15. SLU VII • 3 equal layers • L/H = 4.2 • Bounded by rigid, • frictionless platens • Interfacial viscous slip • Q = (h*H)/(hd*) • Stress exponent • n • Contours of Ld/H (black) • & qd (red) • Fit: n > 50 Q ~ 0.1

  16. n > 12 Consistency: R ~ (1/Q)1/2

  17. Lake Char-gogg-agogg-manchaugg-agogg-chau-bun-a-gun-ga-maugg Webster, Massachusetts Nipmuc Native American: “You fish on your side. I fish on my side. Nobody fishes in the middle.” The descendents of the fishing Nipmucs now run the biggest gambling casino in Connecticut

  18. The Four Tribes – warlike & independent fought for “research wampum” Buffalo Hunters: Field-based structural geologists Lived in teepees Meat eaters Outcrop scalpers Mound Builders: Model builders Urban dwellers Ate pumpkins & corn meal Build large mounds of ??? For burial of the dead? To escape floods? On which to erect fancy homes? Coastal Indians: Rock rheologists Built totem poles Ate oysters & lobsters, the local cheeses Drank expensive alcoholic beverages Paleo-Indians: Petrofabricators Where they lived now covered with tiny rock chips Left untranslatable manuscripts on moose hide

  19. Analytical solutions • Infinite space • internal folding • Layers • Wedges • Inclusions – in infinite space • SCA in polycrystals & other composites • Cracks, anticracks • Joints, faults, stylolites • Pipes • magma flow/wall erosion

  20. Is it based on theory? NO – No closure Does it address field observations? Over-constrains form Does it provide insight into processes operative in development of structure & fabric? NO – Excludes quantities containing dimension of mass Should kinematic modeling go the way of the Ptolemy’s Epicycles? [YES]

  21. TRISHEAR: deformation associated with propagating basement fault Governing equation: KINEMATIC VISCOUS

  22. What does pursuit of a model that can be treated by an analytical solution, as a part of AMSG, do for you? All modeling, including AMSG, centers on posing interesting questions Write out the equations = physics Sketch the field example Assemble a set of measurements Simplify Pose a tractable boundary-value problem

  23. Intuitive ability closely resembles artistic talent (M. A. Biot, 1963)

  24. “Though I haven't applied your work in exactly the way you did, what you describe for the "effective aspect ratio" is a perfectly sound approach to me as well, but is in a way an a posteriori method.  The core challenge for an analytical solution in my mind remains an a priori approach, that is to say to look at a distribution of hard and soft phases and predict/know/easily measure what the effective aspect ratio is.  For a conglomerate or similar, it's straightforward, but I am not sure how to know for situations such as anastomosing shear zones (with various degrees of connectedness).”

  25. Postmodernism a tendency in contemporary culture characterized by rejection of objective truth. Emphasizes roles of language, power relations, and motivations; attacks use of sharp classifications such as white versus black. Postmodernist thought is an intentional departure from modernist approaches previously dominant. Term "postmodernism" comes from its critique of the "modernist" scientific mentality of objectivity and progress associated with the Enlightenment.

  26. Modernism and postmodernism are understood as cultural projects."Postmodernism" in critical theory refers to a point of departure for works of literature, …, and design, as well as in marketing and business and in the interpretation of law, culture, and religion. Indeed, postmodernism … can be understood as a reaction to modernism…. Whereas modernism was primarily concerned with principles such as identity, unity, authority, and certainty, postmodernism is often associated with difference, plurality, textuality, and skepticism. Four worldviews are the Postmodern-ironist, which sees truth as socially constructed; the scientific-rational, in which truth is found through methodical, disciplined inquiry; the social-traditional, in which truth is found in the heritage of American and Western civilization; and the neo-romantic, in which truth is found through attaining harmony with nature and/or spiritual exploration of the inner self.

More Related