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D. Habs LMU M ünchen • Fakult ät f. Physik Max-Planck-Institut f. Quantenoptik

Scientific Case of ELI Nuclear Physics. D. Habs LMU M ünchen • Fakult ät f. Physik Max-Planck-Institut f. Quantenoptik. Outline. g beam + ELI high-power laser + electron beam New nuclear physics with the g beam Nuclear resonance fluorescence – radioactive waste measurement

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D. Habs LMU M ünchen • Fakult ät f. Physik Max-Planck-Institut f. Quantenoptik

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  1. Scientific Case of ELI Nuclear Physics D. Habs LMU München•Fakultät f. Physik Max-Planck-Institut f. Quantenoptik

  2. Outline • g beam + ELI high-power laser + electron beam • New nuclear physics with the g beam • Nuclear resonance fluorescence – radioactive waste measurement • Chaos in nuclear physics • Pygmy resonance • Parity-violating nuclear forces • Applications • New medical radioisotopes • Brilliant, intense positron beams • A new, brilliant neutron source • NRF + radioactive waste management • New nuclear physics with the APOLLON laser • From TNSA to light pressure acceleration of ions • Relativistic electron mirrors and g beams • Fission fusion and the N = 126 waiting point of the r-process • Fundamental physics = physics of the vacuum • Brilliant high-energy g production and pair creation in vacuum • Real part of the index of refraction: changed phase velocity

  3. Major components of ELI-NP • APOLLON laser stand alone • 2·10 PW • 15 fs • ~ 1/min • 1024 W/cm2 • 2.5×1015 V/m • g beam stand-alone • Emax = 13 MeV (19 MeV) • 12 kHz • ring-down cavity for photons • warm electron linac, 600 MeV • high brilliance (DEg/Eg≥ 10–3) • high flux (I = 1013 s–1) • APOLLON + e beam • Eg ≈ 100–500 MeV • ~ 1/min • flux: Ig = 106 / 15 fs • pair creation: 1024 W/cm2 + 500 MeV g

  4. Layout of ELI-NP 2 ×APOLLON Gamma beam + Electron beam

  5. Compton scattering Linear + non-linear j e q High resolution Large g produces blue shift → (a0 < 1) good Large a0 produces red shift ; dressed electron with electron gains weight, recoils less, and transfers less energy to final photon large a→ higher harmonics n For large laser forces: 108 × higher gamma energies

  6. g beams and new nuclear physics Backshifted Fermi gas model or Constant temperature model T.v.Egidy et al., Phys.Rev. C 80, 059310 (2010). Gamma strength function M. Guttormsen et al., Phys. Rev. C 63, 044313 (2001). E1: milli Weisskopf units M1: strong scissors mode ~ 1 W.U. Integrated excitation cross section

  7. High brilliance vs. high flux Gamma beam • Best: high brilliance + high flux: In 4-5 years ERLs with 100 mA will be available • (D. Bilderhack et al., Synchr. Rad. News 23, 32 (2010). • Nuclear spectroscopy: • 10-3 BW (Barty: 10-4 possible) extremely important to explore individual • resonances, variable resolution best • beam intensity has to be reduced to 109/s • new MHz rates of fast risetime nuclear detectors with flash ADCs • high resolution reduces strong atomic background (20-30 b/atom) • In general one has to compare high brilliance and high flux for each experiment, • e.g. positrons: energy resolution of gamma beam is not important, but emittance • Positron moderation efficiency from 10-6 to 10-3. • Crystal monochromator: • Conversion of high flux to high resolution beam is less efficient, since crystal monochromator requires also good beam divergence.

  8. Double crystal monochromator (GAMS, M. Jentschel (ILL)) Single crystal – resolution is defined by beam divergence: h/L TOO LARGE for eV resolution ~ 1 mrad FWHM ~ 10 nrad • Double Crystal Spectrometer: • First Crystal defines beam axis with nrad • Bragg Angle is measured @ second crystal • Resolution is energy independent • Resolution: DE/E ~ 10-6

  9. Performance of GAMS (GAMS, M. Jentschel (ILL)) Diffraction efficiency of a 2.5mm Si220 @ 0.8 MeV Energy Resolution of a 2.5mm Si220 @ 1.1 MeV 4.5 eV @ 1.1 MeV 22% @ 0.8 MeV

  10. GAMS monochromator Starting with 1013g/s and 10-3 bandwidth we get for a reflectivity per crystal of 10%:

  11. Nano-focusing refractive lens For hard g-rays (200 keV) refractive lenses have been successfully tested. Concave lenses: Extension to MeV energies for new brilliant g beams. Focal length Test of d theory for higher energies: M. Jentschel et al., ILL proposal 3-03-731 Test of nano-lens array at MEGa-ray facility C.G. Schroer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 054802 (2005).

  12. Nuclear res. fluorescence • Extension up to 4 MeV: • 239Pu and 235U • Minor actinides: 237Np, 241Am, 243Am, 244Cm, 247Cm • Fission fragments: 137Cs, 129I, 99Tc T. Hayakawa et al., NIM A 261, 695 (2010).

  13. Regular motion and chaos in nuclear physics Compound nucleus (N. Bohr, Nature, 1936) 50 levels with the same mean level spacing Wigner distribution: Porter-Thomas distribution: Random matrix theory = chaos Generic spectra H.A. Weidenmüller et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 539 (2009). G.M. Mitchell et al., arXiv:1001.2422v1 (2010).

  14. Nuclear resonances Pygmy and giant resonance Average values and fluctuating quantities With GAMS monochromator we can study individual resonances at PDR.

  15. Parity violating NN-force (I) extremely short-range Very weak contribution GF = 1.166×10–5/GeV2 ; rnuc ≈ fm–3 = nuclear density pF/M = nuclear velocity at the Fermi level ≈ 0.3 (v/c) ; U0 = 50 MeV = strength of nucleon-nucleus interaction

  16. Parity-violating NN-force (II) • We need tricks to enhance PNC-effects in nuclei: • Suppression of regular transitions • Use close-lying parity doublets • Aim: measure different components of PNC-NN interaction • Status: present coupling constants are inconsistent due to insufficient data accuracy. • → reliable experiments with new more brilliant, intense g beam are required!

  17. New experiments (II) Basic doublet parameters of 20Ne Present data: 11270 keV: Gg0 = 0.716 eV 11262.3 keV: Gg0 ≈ 11 eV DE = (7.7 ± 5.7) keV g cascades from separate experiments. We can switch linear polarization shot after shot and can compare 11270 keV and 11262.3 keV difference, and can compensate for small drift of Ge detector. → DE to better than 0.7 keV. We can compare E1 and M1 excitation from shot to shot and determine Gg0 values to better than 0.1 eV. 20Ne

  18. Radioactive waste manag. Med. radioisotopes Thermal neutron beams Brilliant positron beam • 195mPt labeled chemo • 117mSn Auger electrons • 225Ra/225Ac α chains • 44Ti/44Sc generator • γ-PET • Matched pairs • diagnostics + therapy • Nuclear resonance fluorescence • Radioactive waste management • Better use of reactor fuel elements • Neutron scattering: structure + dynamics • Small samples, extreme conditions • Neutron reflectrometry • Small angle scattering • Positron-induced Auger spectroscopy (PAES) • Scanning microbeams • Fast coincident Doppler broadened spectroscopy (DDBS) g-beams Applications

  19. Positron source (I) NEPOMUC at reactor FRM II + ELI-NP Ig = 9∙1015/s Ie+ = 9·108 s–1 B = 4∙105/(mm2 mrad2 eV s) emod = 3∙10-6 C. Hugenschmidt et al., NIM A 554, 384 (2005). Ig = 1013/s Ie+ = 3·109 s–1 B = 2∙106/(mm2 mrad2 eV s) emod = 2∙10-3 Dt = 1-2 ps (pulsed) Switchable polarization W-foil e+ g Self-moderation, negative electron affinity e+ range = 100 mm C. Hugenschmidt, K. Schreckenbach, D. Habs, P. Thirolf, Appl. Phys. B, submitted arXiv:1103.0513 v1 [nucl-ex]

  20. Medical radioisotopes (I) Production of 50 new medical isotopes with gamma beams. D.Habs, U.Koester, Appl. Phys. B DOI: 10.1007/S00340-010-4278-1

  21. 195mPt Labeled chemotherapy and therapy against resistances Chemotherapy: Treatment of tumors before and after other cancer therapies many (80%) cytotoxic Pt compounds: cisplatin, carbonplatin Aim: label chemotherapy and study anti-tumor efficiency application: intravenously, intraarterially, orally temperature (hyperthermic treatment) non-responding patients: identified in advance (30%) treat multi-resistant cancer cells with therapeutic dose of 195mPt Importance: in Germany (~ 80 mio. people) we have: 1.5 mio. chemotherapies/year average cost: 20 k€ = 30 bill. €/year Improvements: Identify optimum gateway state; cross section ↑ 104 verify labeled chemotherapy with 195mPt from reactor (but 13000 b destruction cross section)

  22. Medical radioisotopes (II) 44Ti 46Ti(g,2n)44Ti (60 a) generator

  23. 44Ti/44Sc generator (I) Long-lived generator for hospital, Continuous production of 44Sc 2∙511 keV + 1157 keV

  24. 44Ti/44Sc generator (II) g-PET Measure momentum of Compton electron in strongly pixeled detectors Determine direction and position of 1157 keV γ 3D reconstruction of decaying 44Sc 2D reconstruction of collinear line with PET PET = Positron Emission Tomography Better resolution, less dose

  25. Nuclear resonance fluorescence Applications • Radioactive waste management • study 238U/235U and dominant fission fragments in barrels • isotope-specific identification of location and quantity (735 keV transition in 235U), 239Pu, fast detection without destruction of sample • Nuclear material detection (homeland security) • scan containers in harbors for nuclear material and explosives • detect specific small isotopic amounts (like 210Po) • Burn-up of nuclear fuel rods • fuel elements are frequently changed in position to obtain a homogeneous burn-up • measuring the final 235U, 238U content may allow to use fuel elements 10% longer • more nuclear energy without additional radioactive waste • Medical applications: no activity • NRF does not appear very important compared to PET

  26. Notch-detectors for nuclear resonance fluorescence g-ray beam dump Narrow g beam Isotope sample isotope second scatterer Hole burning, ultra-high resolution NRF • Tomography • 235U/238U ratio change in scattering rate

  27. Brilliances of g-rays and neutron beams ILL reactor, Grenoble 1023 / (mm2 mrad2 s 0.1%BW) 102 / (mm2 mrad2 s 0.1%BW)

  28. 2-step neutron production Neutron halo isomer, dissociation of n-halo isomer D. Habs et al., arXiv-1008.5324 [nucl-ex] (2010), accepted by Appl. Phys. B DOI: 10.1007/S00340-010-4276-3

  29. Neutron halo wave function Weakly bound neutron tunnels far out and lives for ns. wave function potential

  30. Neutron experiments

  31. New neutron beam Pulsed, brilliant • Big advance in neutron scattering: • structure of biological samples, heterostructures, new functional materials • only available as very small samples  micro neutron beam • H and light materials  strong scattering  functionality of biomaterials • collective states, e.g. magnons, phonons – relaxation, diffusion • short pulses  dynamics, time dependence • Many new possibilities in: • biology • hard condensed matter • geoscience • nuclear physics

  32. Laser acceleration schemes Former schemes Ion acceleration TNSA(target-normal sheath acceleration) • Low conversion efficiency • Huge lasers are required S.C. Wilks et al., Phys. Plasmas 8, 542 (2001).

  33. New Acceleration Mechanism Radiation Pressure Acceleration (RPA) Optimum ion acceleration Optimum electron acceleration ions electrons for for Normalized areal electron density: = dimensionless Normalized vector potential: O. Klimo et al., Phys. Rev. ST AB 11, 031301 (2008). S.G. Rykovanov et al., New J. Phys. 10, 113005 (2008).

  34. Cold compression of electron sheet. Rectified dipole field between electrons and ions. Neutral bunch of ions + electrons accelerated. Solid-state density: 1024 e cm–3 Classical bunches: 108 e cm–3 Very efficient! Radiation pressure acceleration (RPA)

  35. Fission-fusion reaction very neutron-rich nuclei • a) Fission H, C, O + Th → FL + FH fission fragments in target • 232Th + 232Th → fission of beam in FL + FH • Reaction of radioactive short-lived light fission fragments of beam + • Radioactive short-lived light fission fragments of the target • b) Fusion: FL + FL→ AZ ≈ 18580 nuclei close to N=126 waiting point • FL + FH→ 232Th old nuclei • FH + FH→ unstable

  36. Chart of the Nuclides r-process and waiting points Fission-fusion with very dense beams Radioactive targets + radioactive beam • Superheavies: Z = 110, T1/2 = 109 a ? • recycling of fission fragments ?

  37. Experimental setup neutron-rich nuclei in fission-fusion

  38. Pair creation Nonperturbative tunneling process ForE << ESexponentially strong suppression Dynamically assisted pair creation: R. Schützhold et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 130404 (2008) G.V. Dunne et al., Phys. Rev. D 80, 111301(R) (2009) High field + high g energy: N.B. Narozhny, Zh. Eksp. Teo. Fiz. 54, 676 (1968).

  39. Hard g + pair production N. Elkina + H. Ruhl

  40. Phase contrast imaging Phase velocity of probe laser in polarized vacuum Optical intense probe laser, deflection angle focusing K. Homma, D. Habs, T. Tajima, arXiv:1006.4533 [quant-ph] (2010)

  41. Kensuke Homma ELI-NP coupling-mass limit per shot SHG 200J 15fs Log g/M [1/GeV] QCD axion (Dark matter) OPG 200J 15fs 200J 15fs(induce) OPG 200J 1.5ns 200J 1.5ns(induce) Gravitational Coupling（Dark Energy) log m [eV]

  42. ELI-NP the way ahead Next steps • Build a nano-structured target for a positron source at 2 MeV • together with C. Hugenschmidt • Build a nano-structured g-ray lens at 1 MeV • together with M. Jentschel • Build a “flying” GAMS crystal spectrometer monochromator • together with M. Jentschel • Test production of new medical radioisotope 195mPt at ~ 2 MeV • together with U. Koester • Test MHz g detectors + electronics • together with K. Sonnabend and D. Savran • Flying start of ELI-NP g beam at MEGa-ray

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