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Cultural Considerations In General Aviation

Cultural Considerations In General Aviation. A Broader Definition of “Human” in Human Factors. Hot Topic Candidacy. Automation Human Error Modeling Team Performance Situation Awareness Crew (Cockpit) Resource Management Ecological Interface Design Collaborative Decision Making (ADM).

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Cultural Considerations In General Aviation

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  1. Cultural Considerations In General Aviation A Broader Definition of “Human” in Human Factors

  2. Hot Topic Candidacy • Automation • Human Error Modeling • Team Performance • Situation Awareness • Crew (Cockpit) Resource Management • Ecological Interface Design • Collaborative Decision Making (ADM)

  3. Background / History • Human Factors Research • Aviation psychology - specialized • Western cultural bias • Cross-Cultural Research • Intergroup Relations • Inter- & intra-cultural prejudices & discrimination • Socialization theory • Military and airline transport

  4. Existing Research • Aviate • Direct interaction between human and technology • Navigate • Collective gathering and employment of resources • Communicate • Most likely immediately cross-cultural, but no more prone to cultural bias

  5. Controversies & Challenges • Availability of existing research • Funding • Misinterpretation of relevant cultural factors • Unrecognized correlations • Extensive & complex existing systems • Difficult to revise • Training, navigation, design & operation • Deeply ingrained and inherent biases

  6. Current Status

  7. Major Issues • Aviation physiology & health maintenance • Stress, fatigue & management • Basic aviation psychology Cognition  Attitude  Behavior • Flight deck demographics • Ergonomics • Crew / cockpit resource management • Intergroup relations • Safety, performance & proficiency

  8. Aviation Physiology & Health Maintenance • Anatomy & physiology • Visual, aural, vestibular, circulatory & respiratory systems • Atmospheric & pressure responses (hyperventilation, hypoxia, CO2, G-force, motion sickness) • Cultural health conditions • Aging, metabolism, substance use/abuse, toxicities & flight-based health risks

  9. Stress, Fatigue & Management • Environmental stressors (heat, light, noise, humidity) • Biological rhythms • Circadian rhythms • Sleep stages, fatigue, time-zones • Symptomatic nervous system • Dysrhythmia & resynchronization, fight-flight response • Common stressors • Domestic / financial / work-related • Community & family support systems • Processing & coping strategies • Time-management

  10. Aviation HF Psychology • Information processing & cognition • Sensation, perception & attention • Mental modeling • Feedback management • Mathematical processing & visualization • Aeronautical decision making (ADM) • Premise-to-conclusion problem solving • Mental workload & memory organization

  11. Situation Awareness - Locus of Control • Mental modeling • 2-D vs. 3-D environments • Simulated environments (training & IMC) • Information processing • Skill/rule/knowledge based decisions • Automation • Familiarity/function of “human in the loop” • Question of authority in technology

  12. Culture in the Flight Environment • Individualistic • Proficient & self-sufficient • Model-user • Less responsive to accurate feedback • Collectivistic • Collaborative and alternatively resourceful • More prone to resignation

  13. Flight Deck: Cultural Demographics • Ergonomics & varied human standards • Cultural domains & CRM influence Hoefstede dimensions: • Power-Distance • Masculinity • Uncertainty-Avoidance • Individualism-Collectivism

  14. Hofstede Demographic Example

  15. CRM & Aviation Attitudes • CRM performance roles • Captain’s authority • Crew roles & responsibilities • Training & development • Inquiry, advocacy, & conflict • Problem definition & critique • Trouble-prone attitudes • Anti-authority, spontaneity, macho, invulnerability • Resignation

  16. Trends, Implementation & Future

  17. Additional Research Considerations • Cognitive bias to native English-speakers • Influences on pilot's scan • Controls & positioning/interpretation errors • Gauges & dials versus digital information • Regression & learning

  18. References Batteau, Allen W., (2002).Anthropological approaches to culture, aviation, and flight safety. Human Factors and Aerospace Safety, 2(2), 147-171. Beaty, David. (1995) The Naked Pilot: The human factor in aircraft accidents. Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publishing. Jing, Hung-Sying; Lu, C. Joseph & Peng, Shang-Jee (2001). Culture, authoritarianism and commercial aircraft accidents. Human Factors and Aerospace Safety, 1(4), 341-359. Helmreich, Robert L.; Wiener, Earl L.; & Kanki, Barbara G. (1993) The future of crew resource management in the cockpit and elsewhere. In Cockpit Resource Management, (pp. 479-499) US: Academic Press, Inc.

  19. References (cont…) Hoermann, Hans Juergen. (2001). Cultural variation of perceptions of crew behaviour in multi-pilot aircraft. Travail Humain, 64(3), 247-268 Johnston, Neil. (1993) CRM: Cross-cultural perspectives. In E. L. Wiener, B. G. Kanki & R. L. Helmreich (Eds.), Cockpit Resource Management, (pp. 367-393) US: Academic Press, Inc. Matsumoto, D. (2000). Culture and psychology: People around the world. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Marcus, Aaron. (2001). International and intercultural user interfaces. In C. Stephanidis (Ed.), User interfaces for all: Concepts, methods, and tools. Human factors and ergonomics. (pp. 47-63). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  20. References (cont…) Merritt, Ashleigh. (2000, May). Culture in the cockpit: Do Hofestede’s dimensions replicate? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(3), 283-301. Meshkati, Najmedin (2002).Macroergonomics and aviation safety: The importance of cultural factors in technology transfer. In H. W. Hendrick & B. M. Kleiner, Brian M. (Eds.), Macroergonomics: Theory, methods, and applications. Human factors and ergonomics. (pp. 323-330). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Morgan, Konrad. (2000). Cross-cultural considerations for simulation-based learning environments. Simulation and Gaming, 31(4), 491-508. Nisbett, Richard E.; Peng, Kaiping; Choi, Incheol; Norenzayan, Ara. (2002). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. CBS Conference – presented for publication.

  21. References (cont…) Soeters, Joseph L & Boer, Peter C. (2000). Culture and flight safety in military aviation. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 10(2), 111-133. Stone-Romero, Eugene F & Stone, Dianna L. (2002) Cross-cultural differences in responses to feedback: Implications for individual, group, and organizational effectiveness. In G. R. Ferris & J. J. Martocchio (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management, 21, (pp. 275-331). US: Elsevier Science/JAI Press. Yamamori, Hisaaki & Mito, Takao. (1993). Keeping CRM is keeping the flight safe. In E.L. Wiener, B.G. Kanki & R.L. Helmreich (Eds.), Cockpit Resource Management, (pp. 399-420) US: Academic Press.

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