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1. Histria Contempornia B LATINOAMRICA Y LA CONSOLIDACIN CATICA DE LA FORMA REPUBLICANA DE GOBIERNO / ESTADO
2. Escribir en el espejo de la historia... El sueo de ser un Napolen de Amrica
3. El generalsimo SimnBOLIVAR(1783-1830 Retrato en Lima, 1825
4. El paso a las Provincias Unidas La banderas de la revuelta bolivariana La bandera tricolor del alzamiento;
La de libertad o muerte, a degello;
Las de la federacin/ confederacin
5. ProvinciasUnidasde laConfederacin de Venezuela, 1810
6. La Gran Colombia, 1821 El sueo bolivariano de un marco Estado imperial:
Y una Corona?
7. San Martn El general Libertador de la Argentina
8. Unin y Libertad 4 Reales, Provincias Unidas del Ro de la Plata, 1813
9. ACTA DE LA INDEPENDENCIA DE LASPROVINCIAS UNIDAS EN SUD-AMERICA Tucumn, 21 julio 1816
Fue firmada por todos los congresales que declararon la Independencia. Se tradujo al quechua y al aymar para que la conocieran las poblaciones indgenas.
10. El acta de Tucumn en espaol y aymara
11. La fecha simblica argentina Tucumn, 21 julio 1816
12. Provincias Unidas del Ro de la Plata v
13. La causa leal o realista Moneda de Fernando VII acuada en Potos, 1823; Boves el Urogallo
14. La visin nacionalista actual Una visin retrospectiva
que corrige los <errores>
del pasado
15. Federalismo = la voz del localismo interiorUnitarismo = la voz de las ciudadesRealismo = la voz de algunos perdedores con el cambio UNA INTERACCIN MUY COMPLICADA
16. Las decisivas campaas La contienda entre independentistas y realistas se resolvi de forma decisiva en el terreno andino
17. General Bernardo OHiggins, libertador de Chile EL ABRAZO DE MAIPU (05 DE ABRIL DE 1818) el abrazo de Maip, donde Bernardo O'Higgins le dice a San Martn Glora al salvador de Chile! y San Martn le responde General: Chile no olvidar al ilustre invlido que se presenta herido en el campo de batalla
18. Almirante Cochrane Hay hroes ingleses de la independencia
19. La complejidad del juego criollo El Ejrcito Libertador desembarc por la baha de Paracas el 8 de setiembre de 1820. Inmediatamente las tropas se movilizaron hacia Pisco donde asentaron su cuartel general. San Martn recibi la propuesta del virrey Joaqun de Pezuela para negociar una solucin pacfica. Los representantes de ambos jefes se reunieron en la histrica Conferencia de Miraflores. La propuesta sanmartiniana fue proclamar la independencia del Per para implantar una monarqua constitucional; mientras que la propuesta del Virrey fue el retiro de las fuerzas invasoras y el acatamiento de la Constitucin de Cdiz que haba vuelto a tener vigencia en Espaa.
20. Bandera de Pisco
21. Bolvar y San MartnSan Martn se dirigi entonces a Simn Bolvar, apremindole: "Procurad proteger a este desgraciado pas. Vos slo, Bolvar, sois capaz de curarle esa locura en que se obstinanAmbos jefes se encontraron en Guayaquil en una conferencia en verano de 1822
22. General Manuel Belgrano 1770-1820
El hroe nacional
argentino
23. La religiosidad tradicional sigue teniendo su funcionalidad en un marco de masones El Gral. Manuel Belgrano entrega el Bastn de Mando a Santa Mara de las Mercedes,tras la Batalla de Tucumn, el 24 de Septiembre de 1812
24. El general Jos Antonio Sucre El lugarteniente de Bolvar
25. TODOS SON MILITARES EMPEZ CON DOS CURAS, CONVERTIDOS EN GUERREROS, Y ACAB EN EL MS ABSOLUTO CAUDILLISMO
26. Noy hay un tejido social interactivo suficiente para dar paso a los abogados, ni mucho menos a los comerciantes El racismo y las castas imposibilitan el desarrollo de una sociedad civil que no esa la antigua Iglesia catlica, protectora de los Indios (mucho menos de los negros)
27. CON MILITARES DEVINDOS CAUDILLOS LA VA SER LA ESTADOLATRA
Referencia de toda la vida poltica hispanoamericana hasta hoy
28. James Monroe y su Doctrina (1823):NO al intervencionismo europeo en las Amricas, lo que deja sitio para intervencionismo local Retrato por Clyde O. de Land
29. La Doctrina Monroe In the discussions to which this interest has given rise and in the arrangements by which they may terminate the occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.
30. Miremos la descripcin de Monroe
31. It was stated at the commencement of the last session that a great effort was then making in Spain and Portugal to improve the condition of the people of those countries, and that it appeared to be conducted with extraordinary moderation. It need scarcely be remarked that the results have been so far very different from what was then anticipated. Of events in that quarter of the globe, with which we have so much intercourse and from which we derive our origin, we have always been anxious and interested spectators. The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow-men on that side of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy to do so. It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries or make preparation for our defense.
32. Sigue... With the movements in this hemisphere we are of necessity more immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers. The political system of the allied powers is essentially different in this respect from that of America. This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective Governments; and to the defense of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.
33. Y continua The late events in Spain and Portugal shew that Europe is still unsettled. Of this important fact no stronger proof can be adduced than that the allied powers should have thought it proper, on any principle satisfactory to themselves, to have interposed by force in the internal concerns of Spain. To what extent such interposition may be carried, on the same principle, is a question in which all independent powers whose governments differ from theirs are interested, even those most remote, and surely none of them more so than the United States.
34. Una respuesta que se escuda en la contradiccin: cuenta con la flota britnica, enemiga de USA Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy, meeting in all instances the just claims of every power, submitting to injuries from none. But in regard to those continents circumstances are eminently and conspicuously different. It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace and happiness; nor can anyone believe that our southern brethren, if left to themselves, would adopt it of their own accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we should behold such interposition in any form with indifference. If we look to the comparative strength and resources of Spain and those new Governments, and their distance from each other, it must be obvious that she can never subdue them. It is still the true policy of the United States to leave the parties to themselves, in hope that other powers will pursue the same course.
35. Para culminar With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. In the war between those new Governments and Spain we declared our neutrality at the time of their recognition, and to this we have adhered, and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur which, in the judgement of the competent authorities of this Government, shall make a corresponding change on the part of the United States indispensable to their security.
36. La batalla de Ayacucho, 1824
Batalla de Ayacucho. 9/Dic./1824.
El Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho Antonio Jos de Sucre
Ese da ...los ltimos restos del poder espaol en Amrica han expirado en este campo afortunado....
37. LAS REVOLUCIONES ATLNTICAS NORTE Y SUR UNA DIFERENCIA CRUCIAL ENTRE LO QUE FUNCIONA Y LO QUE NO FUNCIONA
ENTRE LA ESTABILIDAD CONSTITUCIONAL Y LAS GUERRAS CIVILES SEMPITERNAS
38. LAS REVOLUCIONES ATLNTICAS NORTE Y SUR EL JUEGO AMERICANO>>>>FRANCS Y, POR EXTENSIN, EUROPEO OCCIDENTAL
NO PUEDE PASAR AL MUNDO DEL ATLNTICO SUR, POR FALTA DE TEJIDO SOCIAL NUTRITIVO
EL RADICALISMO RETRICO Y EL CAUDILLISMO- SE MANTIENE COMO NICO DISCURSO, HASTA HOY
39. Lo que hay en comn es negativo LA NECESIDAD DE RESOLVER POR LAS ARMAS UNA CONCEPCIN FEDERAL (EN VERDAD, CONFEDERAL) CONTRA UN PODER CENTRAL SLIDO
40. La ventaja hispanoamericana La tendencia legal a la abolicin de la esclavitud, ms all de la prohibicin del trfico
41. Los antecedentes en el Antiguo Rgimen: inicativas perifricas 1588 PolishLithuanian Commonwealth abolishes slavery
1723 Russia abolishes slavery
1761, 12 February, Portugal abolishes slavery in mainland Portugal and in Portuguese possessions in India through a decree by the Marquis of Pombal.
1772 Practice of slavery declared illegal in England, this included the status of overseas slaves living in England. Lord Chief Justice Mansfield rules that English law does not support slavery
1777 Slavery abolished in Madeira, Portugal
1777 Slavery abolished in Vermont Republic (aliada de los contientales, pero no uno de los Estados)
1783 Russia abolishes slavery in Crimean Khanate
1783 Massachusetts rules slavery illegal based on 1780 constitution
1783 Bukovina: Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor issued an order abolishing slavery on 19 June 1783 in Czernowitz (Wiki)
42. La Revolucin francesa: contradictoria 1787 Sierra Leone founded by Britain as colony for emancipated slaves
1787 Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded in Britain
1788 regulating the conditions on British slave ships enacted
1792 Denmark-Norway declared transatlantic slave trade illegal after 1802 (though slavery continues to 1848).
1793 Upper Canada, by Act Against Slavery
1794 French First Republic abolishes slavery
1799 New York State introduces gradual emancipation
1799 in Scotland, by an act of the Parliament of Great Britain
1802 The emperor Napoleon re-introduces slavery on French colonies growing sugarcane.
1803 Denmark-Norway abolishes transatlantic slave trade on 1 January 1803
1803 Lower Canada abolishes slavery
1804 Haiti declares independence and abolishes slavery
43. Abolicin de la TRATA The Official Medallion of the British Anti-Slavery Society, 1795
Design by Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795) and either William Hackwood or Henry Webber
Empresario y protestante disidente radical
44. ABOLITIONISM BRITNIC: emancipadoes
45. La abolicin de la trata e iniciativas respecto la servidumbre 1807 Abolition of the Slave Trade Act: slave trading abolished in British Empire. Captains fined 100 per slave transported.
1807 British begin patrols of African coast to arrest slaving vessels. West Africa Squadron (Royal Navy) established to suppress slave trading; by 1865, nearly 150,000 people freed by anti-slavery operations
1807 Abolition in Prussia, Germany The Stein-Hardenberg reforms.
1808 United Statesimportation of slaves into the US prohibited after 1 Jan..
1811 Slave trading made a felony in the British Empire punishable by transportation for British subjects and Foreigners.
1811 Spain abolishes slavery at home and in all colonies except Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo (o sea, donde hay esclavos)
1813 Argentina abolishes slavery
1814 Dutch outlaw slave trade
1815 British pay Portuguese 750,000 (several hundred million dollars in current values) to cease their trade
1815 Congress of Vienna. 8 Victorious powers declared their opposition to slavery
1816 Serfdom abolished in Estonia.
1817 Serfdom abolished in Courland.
1817 Spain paid 400,000 by British to cease trade to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo
1818 Treaty between Britain and Spain to abolish slave trade
1818 Treaty between Britain and Portugal to abolish slave trade
1818 France and Holland abolish slave trading
1819 Treaty between Britain and Netherlands to abolish slave trade
46. La abolicin britnica de la TRATA es idealizada
SE PUEDE CONTRAPONER A LOS ENEMIGOS: Francia y USA
47. Liderazgo en la abolicin absoluta 1819 Serfdom abolished in Livonia.
1821 Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela abolish slavery
1822 Liberia founded by American Colonization Society (USA) as a colony for emancipated slaves.
1822 Greece abolishes slavery (note: that this is the year the modern state was founded and therefore slavery was banned right from the very beginning).
1823 Chile abolishes slavery
1824 The Federal Republic of Central America abolishes slavery.
1827 Treaty between Britain and Sweden to abolish slave trade
1829 Mexico abolishes slavery
1831 Bolivia abolishes slavery
1834 The British Slavery Abolition Act 1833 comes into force, abolishing slavery throughout most of the British Empire. The exceptions being territories controlled by the Honourable East India Company and the islands of Ceylon and St Helena.
1834 Slavery abolished in Jamaica
1835 Treaty between Britain and France to abolish slave trade
1835 Treaty between Britain and Denmark to abolish slave trade
1836 Portugal abolishes transatlantic slave trade
48. Liderazgo sostenido con los britnicos 1839 British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society founded, now called Anti-Slavery International
1839 Indian indenture system made illegal (reversed in 1842)
1840 Treaty between Britain and Venezuela to abolish slave trade
1841 is signed; Britain, France, Russia, Prussia, and Austria agree to suppress slave trade
1842 Uruguay abolishes slavery
1843 Honourable East India Company becomes increasingly controlled by Britain and abolishes slavery in India by the Indian Slavery Act V. of 1843.
1843 Treaty between Britain and Uruguay to suppress slave trade
1843 Treaty between Britain and Mexico to suppress slave trade
1843 Treaty between Britain and Chile to suppress slave trade
1843 Treaty between Britain and Bolivia to abolish slave trade
1845 36 British Royal Navy ships are assigned to the Anti-Slavery Squadron, making it one of the largest fleets in the world
49. La flota britnica del Niger en 1841 Ya con vapor
50. El fracaso de las formas monrquicas en las Amricas ES EL VNCULO MORAL MAYOR ENTRE USA Y LAS REPBLICAS HISPANOAMERICANAS
HASTA 1918, LAS REPBLICAS SON UN FENMENO POLTICO DE LAS AMRICAS Y LAS MONARQUAS LO SERN DE EUROPA
51. Agustn I, emperador de Mxico 1793-1824; rein, 1822-1823
52. Dom Pedro de Bragana, 1822emperador del Brasil El grito de Ypiranga, EL GUSTO POR EL GESTO REGIAMENTE IMITADO
53. Dom Pedro I (1798-1834) La casa de Bragana se divide
54. Una estrategia dinstica(pronto march a luchar por los derechos de su hija en Portugal)
55. La variedad de razas y gentesinvita a la idea del imperio Henri Christophe, emperador de Hait
(1767-1820; rein como Henri I, 1811-1820)
El dominio haitiano de la otra mitad, dominicana
56. La resistencia a la abolicin en Estados monrquicos, con fuerte economa esclavista 1886 Slavery abolished in Cuba
1888 Brazil abolishes slavery
57. Provincias Unidas contra Imperio del Brasil:almirante Guillermo Brown Luchar por la causa republicana o por las fronteras?
58. Unitarismo antifederal La lectura hispanoamericana del mensaje jacobino francs
59. Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna (1794-1876)El Napolen del Oeste, desastroso centuaro La interminable lucha sucesoria y por la forma territorial y el contenido politico de la Repblica mexicana
60. Estados Unidos de Mjico
61. Entre tanta interminable guerra civil, brota el romanticismo Jos Maria de Heredia
62. El bolivarismo se contagia en Cuba, 1823 Conspiracin de los Soles y los Rayos de Bolivar
63. Las guerras civiles sin fin:Rosas y los colorados
Juan Manuel de Rosas fue un poltico argentino, gobernador de Buenos Aires en los perodos 1829-1832 y 1835-1852
64. Dr. Francia, El Supremo de Paraguay Jos Gaspar de Francia
Impone la solucin del silencio y en guaran
65. LA GRAN COLOMBIA Y cmo se escindi
66. Alternativas de la poca
67. Los fragmentos de la Gran Colombia Ecuador, Colombia, Venzuela (y hasta Santo Domingo, unos meses entre 1821 y 1822
68. Provincias Unidas del Ro de la Plata Bandera regimental, 1813: temas espaoles y independentistas CRUZADOS
69. Manuel Belgrano enarbol por primera vez la bandera nacional en la ciudad de Rosario el 27 de febrero de 1812, la cual fue confeccionada por doa Mara Catalina Echevarra de Vidal. En una nota, Belgrano comunic que "...siendo preciso enarbolar bandera, y no tenindola, la mand hacer blanca y celeste conforme a los colores de la escarapela nacional".El 23 de agosto de 1812, en la torre del templo de San Nicols, por primera vez en Buenos Aires se hace tremolar la bandera de la patria EL CULTO A LA BANDERA
70. La pugna en La PlataLas banderas argentina (1810, con sol 1818), uruguaya (***), y de Rio Grande do Sul, 1836-1846 Una tensin nunca resuelta
71. Artigas, prcer de La Repblica del Bando Oriental Jos Gervasio Artigas (Montevideo, 19 de junio de 1764 - Paraguay, 23 de septiembre de 1850)
72. Las Provincias Unidas de Centro Amrica, 1823-1838
73. El recuerdo, qu tiene de anhelo?
74. El hasto:Sarmiento y Facundo
75. EL BREVETRIUNFO INTEGRISTAGABRIEL GARCA MORENO, PRESIDENTE DE ECUADOR (1821-1875)
76. Ejemplo para integristas no legitimistas en Espaa De los disidentes del carlismo a Sabino Arana
77. INDIVIDUALISMO Y RACISMO? <Cecilia Valds> De la novela romntica nacionalista (Cirilo Villaverde, 1812-1894) a la zarzuela cubana
78. CMO ESCAPAR DEL CAUDILLISMO? Nadie lo ha conseguido en la Amrica Latina
Iberoamrica?Hispanoamrica?
EL PESO INTELECTUAL DEL CRIBE, INFLUENCIA EN TODO EL MUNDO AFRICANO Y AFROAMERICANO