Overview of Non-Lethal Technologies and Systems

1. Overview of Non-Lethal Technologies and Systems Harry Angel, Senior Consultant Humansystems Inc. November 24-26, 2009 Delta Chelsea Hotel Toronto, Ont.

3. Acoustic Anti-personnel NLT Acoustics have been used to disperse crowds and to temporarily startle or incapacitate individuals. Acoustic Hailing Device Flash-bang Ultra-sonic Teenage Deterrent System Acoustics have been considered as a non-lethal weapons technology to disperse crowds and to temporarily startle or incapacitate individuals. Acoustical energy at audible The concept of acoustic NLWs has focused on acoustic generators projecting sound downrange to affect crowds, to provide area denial, or to clear facilities. Generators that have been explored for producing these high intensities include sirens, whistles, pulse jets, vortex generators, explosives, and fuel-air devices. For interior use, very high intensity acoustics (>170 dB) have been investigated as an access-delay technology for physical security systems.9 frequencies (about 20 to 16,000 hertz (Hz)) strongly couples into the ear; continuous sound in this frequency range can cause pain at a threshold of approximately 135 dB. Other frequencies�ultrasound and infrasound�have also been studied. Vortex ring generators have been investigated as well. Explosive flash bangs provide a short, high-intensity acoustic pulse. Acoustics have been considered as a non-lethal weapons technology to disperse crowds and to temporarily startle or incapacitate individuals. Acoustical energy at audible The concept of acoustic NLWs has focused on acoustic generators projecting sound downrange to affect crowds, to provide area denial, or to clear facilities. Generators that have been explored for producing these high intensities include sirens, whistles, pulse jets, vortex generators, explosives, and fuel-air devices. For interior use, very high intensity acoustics (>170 dB) have been investigated as an access-delay technology for physical security systems.9 frequencies (about 20 to 16,000 hertz (Hz)) strongly couples into the ear; continuous sound in this frequency range can cause pain at a threshold of approximately 135 dB. Other frequencies�ultrasound and infrasound�have also been studied. Vortex ring generators have been investigated as well. Explosive flash bangs provide a short, high-intensity acoustic pulse.

4. Acoustic Hailing Device Anti-personnel NLT Acoustic hailing device - devices that project audible sound frequencies; may cause pain/discomfort, nausea, disorientation Acoustic Hailing Device (AHD) Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD) Magnetic Audio Devices (MAD)

5. Flash-bang Anti-personnel NLT Flash-bang � Device the produces loud noise and bright light that is intended to confuse, disorient, momentary distraction and warning Joint Non-lethal Warning Munitions (12 Gauge and 40 mm warning rounds) Flash Grenade

6. Ultra-sonic Teenage Deterrent System Anti-personnel NLT Ultra-sonic Teenage Deterrent System - The ultrasonic deterrent device produces a signal close to the limit of hearing in people up to the age of 25 years. Although the sound is not painful it does become highly irritating after five to ten minutes exposure.

7. Acoustic Anti-personnel NLT Issues No demonstrated extra-aural bio-effects that affect adversarial behaviour Permanent damage hearing Easily countered Exposure of friendly forces Power requirements Underwater application? Development of acoustic technologies for non-lethal weapons applications in air has generally not been successful for several reasons. Most significant is that there are no demonstrated extra-aural bioeffects that significantly affect adversary behavior. Driving audible acoustic intensities to levels above the hearing pain threshold can be effective, but it can also permanently damage hearing or can be easily countered. Other issues with sonic generators include exposure of friendly forces to the energy, difficulties in focusing the energy downrange, the rapid decrease in intensity with range, and the power requirements to generate and maintain very high continuous acoustic intensities.10 Underwater applications present a potentially more promising scenario, however, due to the increased coupling of acoustic energy. Past investigations have considered the use of ship sonar against underwater threats. Also being Development of acoustic technologies for non-lethal weapons applications in air has generally not been successful for several reasons. Most significant is that there are no demonstrated extra-aural bioeffects that significantly affect adversary behavior. Driving audible acoustic intensities to levels above the hearing pain threshold can be effective, but it can also permanently damage hearing or can be easily countered. Other issues with sonic generators include exposure of friendly forces to the energy, difficulties in focusing the energy downrange, the rapid decrease in intensity with range, and the power requirements to generate and maintain very high continuous acoustic intensities.10 Underwater applications present a potentially more promising scenario, however, due to the increased coupling of acoustic energy. Past investigations have considered the use of ship sonar against underwater threats. Also being

8. Chemical and Biological Anti-personnel NLT Six general classes of chemical and biological anti-personal non-lethal technologies. Anti-traction materials - Calmatives - Malodorants Obscurants Smoke Riot Control Agents (RCA) Sticky foam Chemical antipersonnel NLWs are intended to dissuade, temporarily inhibit, incapacitate, or otherwise impede�with no lasting side effects� individuals and crowds from taking certain actions. Classes of compounds with potential for non-lethal antipersonnel use include riot control agents, malodorants, and calmatives. Riot control agents (RCAs) include chemicals that irritate mucous membranes and cause lacrimation, irritation, or inflammation. RCAs produce rapid sensory irritation or disabling physical effects that disappear within a short time following termination of exposure. They are well studied as a class, and many highly effective compounds with large safety margins have been identified. Most commonly known are oleoresin capsicum (OC), the active agent in hot peppers; chloroacetophenone (CN); and ochlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), or tear gas. Because of its persistence after application, CS has largely been replaced by OC, which has had recent, publicized use by civilian police agencies. Chemical antipersonnel NLWs are intended to dissuade, temporarily inhibit, incapacitate, or otherwise impede�with no lasting side effects� individuals and crowds from taking certain actions. Classes of compounds with potential for non-lethal antipersonnel use include riot control agents, malodorants, and calmatives. Riot control agents (RCAs) include chemicals that irritate mucous membranes and cause lacrimation, irritation, or inflammation. RCAs produce rapid sensory irritation or disabling physical effects that disappear within a short time following termination of exposure. They are well studied as a class, and many highly effective compounds with large safety margins have been identified. Most commonly known are oleoresin capsicum (OC), the active agent in hot peppers; chloroacetophenone (CN); and ochlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), or tear gas. Because of its persistence after application, CS has largely been replaced by OC, which has had recent, publicized use by civilian police agencies.

9. Chemical Weapons Convention "Toxic Chemical" means: Any chemical which through its chemical action on life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals.

10. Anti-traction materials Very low friction coatings Mobility Denial System (MDS) Polymer ice Instant banana peel � Riotril (1967) Anti-traction material (ATM) is a very slippery, gel-like substance sprayed on ground surfaces to prevent access to areas by people and vehicles. It is an extremely slippery viscous gel that can be sprayed onto surfaces to make them all but impassable for six to twelve hours. Anti-traction material (ATM) is a very slippery, gel-like substance sprayed on ground surfaces to prevent access to areas by people and vehicles. It is an extremely slippery viscous gel that can be sprayed onto surfaces to make them all but impassable for six to twelve hours.

11. Calmatives Depression of the central nervous system, accompanied by mood alteration and respiratory depression. Sedative-hypnotic agents, anesthetic agents, skeletal muscle relaxants, opioid analgesics, anxiolyrics, antipsychotics�. Drugs which depress the nervous system have a range of effects that are dependent on the dose and duration of drug administered; these physiological and behavioral effects range from amelioration of anxiety; mild sedation, hypnotic effects to coma and death. Pharmaceutical compounds recommended for use as non-lethal cal calmatives will typically not be administered to produce deep sedation or hypnosis; rather, calmatives will be used to relieve anxiety and produce mi d sedation, Fentanyl � 100 times as potent than morphineDrugs which depress the nervous system have a range of effects that are dependent on the dose and duration of drug administered; these physiological and behavioral effects range from amelioration of anxiety; mild sedation, hypnotic effects to coma and death. Pharmaceutical compounds recommended for use as non-lethal cal calmatives will typically not be administered to produce deep sedation or hypnosis; rather, calmatives will be used to relieve anxiety and produce mi d sedation, Fentanyl � 100 times as potent than morphine

12. Malodorants Offensive /repulsive smell Organic sulphur compounds Bathroom smell Butyric acid Vomit odor Burned hair Sewage smell Perceived to be highly unpleasant by target group Quickly detected and dispersed Not easily habituated or adapted Not incapacitating or a sensory irritant Biologically based and may contravene CWCBiologically based and may contravene CWC

13. Riot Control Agents (RCA) Riot Control Agents (RCA) � A chemical that can produce physical discomfort, incapacitation, or area denial. around 15 different types of tear gas have been developed worldwide such as: Ortho-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) Dibenzoxazepine (CR) Chloroacetophenone (CN) � used in mace Oleoresin capsicum (OC) (pepper spray) Adamsite (DM) � vomiting agents Dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR) is a more recent tear gas, first synthesized in 1962. It reportedly is more potent and less toxic than CS.� Third NDIA Conference on Chloropicrin (PS) and bromobenzenecyanide (CA) were developed before World War I. Both largely have been replaced, as they were too lethal for their intended effects but not lethal enough to Non-Lethal Warfare PAVA is a synthetic version); aerosols or powdered form; cause irritation of eyes and respiratory tract. Effects reverse within a short time following termination of exposure. Decontamination of CN requires a soda ash solution or alcoholic caustic soda. An individual subjected to CN should be taken out into the fresh air; he should not rub his face or eyes and should immediately proceed to wash his eyes and face. Most soaps contain an oil and should not be used to wash the area. Oil traps CN in the skin and can cause a severe rash or burn. Affected clothing should be changed.� CN or CS do not have any effect on those under the influence of narcotics, alcohol or on animals. Build-up in tolerance Dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR) is a more recent tear gas, first synthesized in 1962. It reportedly is more potent and less toxic than CS.� Third NDIA Conference on Chloropicrin (PS) and bromobenzenecyanide (CA) were developed before World War I. Both largely have been replaced, as they were too lethal for their intended effects but not lethal enough to Non-Lethal Warfare PAVA is a synthetic version); aerosols or powdered form; cause irritation of eyes and respiratory tract. Effects reverse within a short time following termination of exposure. Decontamination of CN requires a soda ash solution or alcoholic caustic soda. An individual subjected to CN should be taken out into the fresh air; he should not rub his face or eyes and should immediately proceed to wash his eyes and face. Most soaps contain an oil and should not be used to wash the area. Oil traps CN in the skin and can cause a severe rash or burn. Affected clothing should be changed.� CN or CS do not have any effect on those under the influence of narcotics, alcohol or on animals. Build-up in tolerance

14. Delivery Systems Chemical Agents Hand held spray Aerosol hand grenades 40mm grenades Paintball 12 gauge shotgun FN 303 Airburst Non-lethal Munitions � Non-lethal munitions (e.g. 25 mm and 40 mm round) Spray 10 � 12 feet Decontamination of CN requires a soda ash solution or alcoholic caustic soda. An individual subjected to CN should be taken out into the fresh air; he should not rub his face or eyes and should immediately proceed to wash his eyes and face. Most soaps contain an oil and should not be used to wash the area. Oil traps CN in the skin and can cause a severe rash or burn. Affected clothing should be changed.� CN or CS do not have any effect on those under the influence of narcotics, alcohol or on animals. Build-up in tolerance Spray 10 � 12 feet Decontamination of CN requires a soda ash solution or alcoholic caustic soda. An individual subjected to CN should be taken out into the fresh air; he should not rub his face or eyes and should immediately proceed to wash his eyes and face. Most soaps contain an oil and should not be used to wash the area. Oil traps CN in the skin and can cause a severe rash or burn. Affected clothing should be changed.� CN or CS do not have any effect on those under the influence of narcotics, alcohol or on animals. Build-up in tolerance

15. Chemical Agent Issues Chemical Weapons Convention Methods of delivery The development of the method of delivery that can rapidly provide the appropriate dose. Prevention of the contamination of friendly personnel Improved effectiveness Speed of symptom onset Effective against individuals under the influence of narcotics, alcohol or on animals. No build-up in tolerance or for military personnel � build-up in tolerance Safety System that limits high concentrations of chemicals in the body can lead to extended loss of consciousness or, in extreme cases, death. Development The quantification of the effectiveness and margin of safety for these materials The principal effect was still unconsciousness, which is unacceptable under most interpretations of the CWC. The use of calmatives had previously been envisioned in connection with hostage situations and for use with �unmanageable� prisoners, but not for riot situations in which incapacitated individuals might be trampled or crushed in the rioting. In fact, research on the use of calmatives for peacekeeping situations has been practically nonexistent. To elicit the desired level of mood alteration without causing a dangerous level of respiratory depression (i.e., calming while maintaining consciousness) requires a tight control on dose level. The time of onset of mood alteration depends markedly on the method of delivery as well as on the type of calmative used. Inhalation leads to the most rapid onset of symptoms� on the order of 1 minute after exposure for certain fentanyls. Are there advantages to the production on of a calm state in a non-. non-lethal al to technique versus the use of blunt trauma and/or compliance through pain? One area of consideration is that blunt trauma has an incidence of organ damage, which may include the eyes, liver, kidney, spleen, heart and brain, that may be permanent or even death. Other methods of inflicting pain or control of an individual are sometimes socially unacceptable. In contrast, a pharmaceutical agent may the administered in a disc rate manner to a selected individual or a drug agent may be selected with a known duration of effect. Moreover, much like compliance produced with blunt trauma or other restraint method, virtually all individuals will respond n a dose-dependent manner. The limitation to the use at calmatives in a non-lethal technique may, therefore, be re relatively few The principal effect was still unconsciousness, which is unacceptable under most interpretations of the CWC. The use of calmatives had previously been envisioned in connection with hostage situations and for use with �unmanageable� prisoners, but not for riot situations in which incapacitated individuals might be trampled or crushed in the rioting. In fact, research on the use of calmatives for peacekeeping situations has been practically nonexistent. To elicit the desired level of mood alteration without causing a dangerous level of respiratory depression (i.e., calming while maintaining consciousness) requires a tight control on dose level. The time of onset of mood alteration depends markedly on the method of delivery as well as on the type of calmative used. Inhalation leads to the most rapid onset of symptoms� on the order of 1 minute after exposure for certain fentanyls. Are there advantages to the production on of a calm state in a non-. non-lethal al to technique versus the use of blunt trauma and/or compliance through pain? One area of consideration is that blunt trauma has an incidence of organ damage, which may include the eyes, liver, kidney, spleen, heart and brain, that may be permanent or even death. Other methods of inflicting pain or control of an individual are sometimes socially unacceptable. In contrast, a pharmaceutical agent may the administered in a disc rate manner to a selected individual or a drug agent may be selected with a known duration of effect. Moreover, much like compliance produced with blunt trauma or other restraint method, virtually all individuals will respond n a dose-dependent manner. The limitation to the use at calmatives in a non-lethal technique may, therefore, be re relatively few

16. Directed Energy Anti-personnel NLT Two general types of directed energy anti-personnel NLT Dazzler Direct Energy Weapon Optical Warning Device Dazzler Direct Energy Weapon Millimetre Wave Energy (aka Active Denial System) Optical Warning Device Pulsed Energy Projectile

17. Dazzler Directed Energy Weapon Anti-personnel NLT PHaSR - purpose is to temporarily disorient and blind a target. Dazzler Direct Energy Weapon � Laser that cause temporary blindness or disorientation; may also cause pain/discomfort and nausea Device is size and weight of an M-60 machine gun from: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10268690/ is a proposed laser dazzler, a non-lethal weapon which would use light in the ultraviolet (UV) range. The intended effect would be to cause fluorescence in the lens of the eye, producing intense glare and making clear vision impossible. Requisite power levels the use of UV wavelengths is in itself questionable and could damage the lens, almost definitely causing cataracts. There�s more here than flashing lights. A rangefinder determines the distance to the subject to optimize the color and pulses needed to disable. Now, scientists developing this non-lethal weapon are working to make it the Dazzler smaller and more portable than the prototype Device is size and weight of an M-60 machine gun from: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10268690/ is a proposed laser dazzler, a non-lethal weapon which would use light in the ultraviolet (UV) range. The intended effect would be to cause fluorescence in the lens of the eye, producing intense glare and making clear vision impossible. Requisite power levels the use of UV wavelengths is in itself questionable and could damage the lens, almost definitely causing cataracts. There�s more here than flashing lights. A rangefinder determines the distance to the subject to optimize the color and pulses needed to disable. Now, scientists developing this non-lethal weapon are working to make it the Dazzler smaller and more portable than the prototype

18. Optical Warning Device Anti-personnel NLT Optical Warning Device � Visible laser device used to obscure vision and/or warn individuals (i.e. by producing a bright light to indicate presence and warning).

19. Active Denial System Anti-personnel NLT Millimetre Wave Energy (aka Active Denial System) � Energy weapon used to heat up water molecules at the skin level causing a burning sensation

20. Pulsed Energy Projectile Anti-personnel NLT Pulse Energy Projectile � Pulsed laser technology concept intended to produce a large flash, bang, and shock wave to temporarily disorient and incapacitate individuals The object of the Pulsed Energy Projectile (PEP) program is to develop and demonstrate the technology necessary to produce a crew served, counter personnel non-lethal directed energy weapon providing controllable bio-effects to deter, disable, and distract individuals. The device directs an invisible induced plasma pulse at a target that will create a flash-bang near the intended target This counterpersonnel capability projects a beam that creates a plasma pulse at the target. When the plasma pulse strikes an individual, it results in a flash-bang effect that startles and distracts, and it also has a kinetic effect on the individual's nerve sensors. US government budgets show that it received $3,173,000 in research funding. It vaporises the first thing it hits. This creates a plasma that heats the surrounding air so fast that, basically, the air explodes. The object of the Pulsed Energy Projectile (PEP) program is to develop and demonstrate the technology necessary to produce a crew served, counter personnel non-lethal directed energy weapon providing controllable bio-effects to deter, disable, and distract individuals. The device directs an invisible induced plasma pulse at a target that will create a flash-bang near the intended target This counterpersonnel capability projects a beam that creates a plasma pulse at the target. When the plasma pulse strikes an individual, it results in a flash-bang effect that startles and distracts, and it also has a kinetic effect on the individual's nerve sensors. US government budgets show that it received $3,173,000 in research funding. It vaporises the first thing it hits. This creates a plasma that heats the surrounding air so fast that, basically, the air explodes.

21. Electro-Shock Anti-personnel NLT Two forms electrical anti-personal non-lethal technologies were identified Electro-muscular Incapacitation Devices Electrified plasma or electrified ion beam Designed to cause Electro Muscular Disruption (EMD) which, when affecting an unprotected human completely overrides the central nervous system and directly control the skeletal muscles. Unlike bullet impact or chemical agents, that are most effective when hitting specific body organs (respiratory system, heart or head) EMD weapon is effective wherever direct contact is made with the subject's skin (even through few layers of clothing). Employed either as a direct contact of from stand-off distance, as a stun gun, the EMD effect causes an immediate uncontrollable contraction of the muscle tissue that result in physical debilitation regardless of pain tolerance or mental focus. Existing EMD weapons require physical contact with the target using hand held shockers or stun guns, such as the Taser, which uses compressed air cartridge to fire a pair of darts at the target. The darts are linked to wire conductors to deliver an electrical shock from the gun to the target Designed to cause Electro Muscular Disruption (EMD) which, when affecting an unprotected human completely overrides the central nervous system and directly control the skeletal muscles. Unlike bullet impact or chemical agents, that are most effective when hitting specific body organs (respiratory system, heart or head) EMD weapon is effective wherever direct contact is made with the subject's skin (even through few layers of clothing). Employed either as a direct contact of from stand-off distance, as a stun gun, the EMD effect causes an immediate uncontrollable contraction of the muscle tissue that result in physical debilitation regardless of pain tolerance or mental focus. Existing EMD weapons require physical contact with the target using hand held shockers or stun guns, such as the Taser, which uses compressed air cartridge to fire a pair of darts at the target. The darts are linked to wire conductors to deliver an electrical shock from the gun to the target

22. Electro-muscular Incapacitation Device Anti-personnel NLT Electro-muscular Incapacitation Device (EID) (aka TASER, Stun Weapons and electroshock weapon) � Electroshock weapon technology uses a temporary high-voltage low-current electrical discharge to override the body's muscle-triggering mechanisms to produce physical discomfort or incapacitation Individual effect system � direct contact to wire system directed for use against single individual Hand-held �stun guns� eXtended Range Electronic Projectile (XREP�)

23. Electro-muscular Incapacitation Device Anti-personnel NLT Electro-muscular Incapacitation Device (EID) (aka TASER, Stun Weapons and electroshock weapon) � Area Denial Device � wire system for use against group Individual effect system �against single individual Hand-held �stun guns� eXtended Range Electronic Projectile (XREP�) Shock Shield Stun Baton

24. Artificial Lightning- StunStrike Stunstrike is currently in development, and is expected to be ready for fielding by early 2006. StunStrike is based on an artificial lightning technology. Three products are currently under various phases of development - a Briefcase-sized unit, Close Quarters (CQ) Rifle and Short Range Perimeter system. The Briefcase unit is already operational. It is operating at a range of about 2 feet (0.7 meter) used for corridor/doorway security. The unit can be mounted on the ceiling or above a door, activated by remote control or movement detection. The CQ Rifle's functional core was already demonstrated . It is designed to be effective at ranges of 10 - 12 feet (up to 4 meters). The SR unit is a perimeter security system with a range of up to 25 feet (8 meters), designed to defend things like embassies, etc.Stunstrike is currently in development, and is expected to be ready for fielding by early 2006. StunStrike is based on an artificial lightning technology. Three products are currently under various phases of development - a Briefcase-sized unit, Close Quarters (CQ) Rifle and Short Range Perimeter system. The Briefcase unit is already operational. It is operating at a range of about 2 feet (0.7 meter) used for corridor/doorway security. The unit can be mounted on the ceiling or above a door, activated by remote control or movement detection. The CQ Rifle's functional core was already demonstrated . It is designed to be effective at ranges of 10 - 12 feet (up to 4 meters). The SR unit is a perimeter security system with a range of up to 25 feet (8 meters), designed to defend things like embassies, etc.

25. Non-penetrating Projectiles Anti-personnel NLT � Traditional Non-penetrating projectiles also known as Impact projectiles -; baton (foam, plastic, rubber, sponge, wooden); drag-stabilized (beanbag); fin-stabilized; pads; pellets (single, multiple small/large) M5 Modular Crowd Munitions (MCCM) M5 Modular Crowd Munitions (MCCM)

26. Non-penetrating Projectiles Anti-personnel NLT - �Paint Ball-like�

27. Entanglement Anti-personnel NLT Entanglements � Nets, meshes, cables, chains, etc. Trapping target and capture individuals

28. Entanglement Anti-materiel NLT Running Gear Entanglement System (RGES) - Vehicle Lightweight Arrest Device (VLAD) Wire Obstacle

29. Barrier Anti-materiel NLT Portable Vehicle Arresting Barrier (PVAB). Strips of Spikes and Caltrops Vehicle barrier system Vessel barrier System

30. Water Cannon Anti-personnel NLT

31. Directed Energy Anti-materiel NLT Advanced Tactical Laser. Anti-Electronic Electromagnetic Weapons � Laser Guided Energy ("LGE"�) and Laser Induced Plasma Channel ("LIPC"�) technologies.