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Essential Guide to Wind Generators and Power Calculations

This guide provides crucial information on wind generators' design and operation, including basic electricity measurements, power calculations in wind and water movement, and engineering principles for wind tower and pump design. Understand key concepts like voltage, current, resistance, and Ohm's Law, along with practical applications like calculating power for pumping water and optimizing wind energy systems. Ideal for students and enthusiasts in renewable energy aiming to grasp essential electrical engineering concepts.

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Essential Guide to Wind Generators and Power Calculations

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  1. Wind Generators Tom Rebold Monterey Peninsula College trebold@mpc.edu

  2. Need to know… • Basic Electricity Measurements • Power Calculations • Power in wind, electricity, and movement of water • Wind Tower Design (engineering statics) • Wind generator blade design (aerodynamics) • Water Pump Design (hydraulics)

  3. Electrity: Three Main Invisible Quantities • Voltage, V, Volts • Provides the “push” • Current, I, Amperes (Amps) • Flow of Electrons • Amount of Current is dependent on Voltage and Resistance • Resistance, R, Ohms (W) • Limits the amount of current

  4. Safe Levels • Voltage: 30 V • Voltages inside a computer do not exceed 12 V, except at the power supply and power switch, which are at 120 V.Be careful in these areas! • Current: 5 mA (0.005 Amperes)

  5. Voltage Can Be Provided From… • A battery

  6. Voltage Can Be Provided From… • A generator

  7. Current • …is simply the flow of electrons • Direction depends on convention • Electron flow is from (-) to (+) (flow of electrons) • Conventional flow is from (+) to (-) (hole flow)

  8. Resistors – Basic Specs • Can be rated by… • Resistance (Ohms, W) • Tolerance (% of nominal value) • Power Rating (Watts) • Schematic Symbol…

  9. Resistors – Types • Fixed • Variable (Potentiometer, Rheostat)

  10. Resistors – Color Code

  11. 5% (gold) 3 3 102 Resistors –Colour Code Example • 1st band: orange = 3 • 2nd band: orange = 3 • 3rd band: red = 2 (i.e. 102) • 4th band: gold = 5% 33 x 102 = 3300 W = 3.3 k W

  12. Resistors – Typical Power Ratings

  13. Ohm’s Law “Current (I) is proportional to Voltage (V) and inversely proportional to Resistance (R)” UNITS: 1 Volt across 1 Ohm produces 1 Amp of current

  14. Calculate the current in this circuit using Ohm’s Law 3 W I 6V

  15. Calculate the current in this circuit using Ohm’s Law 1.5 W I 6V

  16. Calculate the current in this circuit using Ohm’s Law 3 W I 3V

  17. Calculate the current in this circuit using Ohm’s Law 300 W I 6V

  18. How Many Volts across Resistor? 300 W 2A

  19. Ohm’s Law, Including Power Reproduced by permission of Tony van Roon, 2002http://www.uoguelph.ca/~antoon

  20. How Many Watts dissipated by Resistor? 300 W 2A P=I2R

  21. How Many Watts dissipated by Resistor? 1.5 W I 6V P=I2R = V2/R = IV

  22. For your Wind generator, same calculations apply Water Pump To find the power delivered to our pump, we will have to measure V and I I Wind Generator P=I2R = V2/R = IV

  23. Complete System Drawing 10 ft wire Pump Fuse

  24. Wind and Hydro Power Calculations • How much power is in the wind? • How much power does it take to pump a liter of water 2 m uphill in 5 minutes? • How can we evaluate how effective our wind system is at pumping water?

  25. Engineering a Power Conversion System Wind Electrical Pumping Power Power Power Each conversion results in a loss of power 50 W 5 W 1 W This system has an overall efficiency of 1/50 or 2% In subsequent designs, engineers would try to improve the efficiency

  26. The Power in the Wind • From basic physics we have “Kinetic Energy” • K = ½ M V2 • K = energy in Joules (or N-m, or even KW-hr) • M = mass, kg • V = velocity of object, m/s • In the context of wind, we can determine the mass of the cylinder of air that hits our generator in a certain time interval. • Power is the amount of Kinetic Energy we capture divided by the time we are gathering it. ( Watts)

  27. Hydraulic Power • In order to pump a mass m kg of water h meters uphill, we require an amount of energy equal to • E = m g h (Joules) where g = 9.8 m/s2 • To pump uphill in T seconds, would require a power of • P = E/T (Watts) • Suppose m = 1 kg, d = 2 m, T = 60 s • P = 1 x 9.8 x 2 / 60 = .3 W

  28. Tower Design • In ENGR 8 You can determinetension in cables! • Keep tower simple. 2x4 with 4 cords attached to stakes • Mount motor using steel bands and screws

  29. Thoughts on Propeller Blade Design • http://www.practicalaction.org/docs/energy/blades_manual.pdf

  30. Balance • By all means, make sure you balance your blades before testing! • Use some small weights, coins, anything to make sure the blades are evenly weighted. • Otherwise your generator could quickly destroy itself!

  31. Pump Construction http://bb_ops.tripod.com/RC_Combat/Hind_Pump.htm • http://www.ircwcc.org/manual/PUMP/PUMPS.HTM

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