Review for winter exam

1. Review for winter exam

2. All living things are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. • The cell is the basic unit of life. • Cells arise from pre-existing cells SC.L.14.1: The cell theory

3. All living things are composed of cells. • They may be unicellular (single cell) • or multicellular(multiple cells)

4. The cell is the basic unit of life

5. Cells arise from pre-existing cells (result from replication of pre existing cells). Cells replicate the genetic information before dividing to form new cells.

6. SC.L.14.3: compare and Contrast plant and animal cells

7. SIMILARITIES:1. They both have DNA as their genetic material.2. They both have a plasma membrane (cell membrane)3. They both have ribosomes. 4. They both have cytoplasm.4. They have similar basic metabolism .5. They are both amazingly diverse in forms. SC.L.14.3: compare and Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

8. DIFERENCES:1. eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not2. eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes do not. The organelles of eukaryotes allow them to exhibit much higher levels of intracellular division of labor than is possible in prokaryotic cells.3. Eukaryotic cells are, on average, ten times the size of prokaryotic cells.4. The DNA of eukaryotes is much more complex and therefore much more extnsive than the DNA of prokaryotes.5. Prokaryotes have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, a single large polymer of amino acids and sugar . Many types of eukaryotic cells also have cell walls, but none made of peptidoglycan.6. The DNA of prokaryotes floats freely around the cell; the DNA of eukaryotes is held within its nucleus and associated with histones (proteins)7. Eukaryotes undergo mitosis; prokaryotes divide by binary fission (simple cell division) SC.L.14.3: compare and Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

11. SC.L.14.7 : Relate the structure of each major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes

12. Leaf are the primary photosynthetic organs. Leaf are the primary site for light dependent reactions anatomy of a leaf

13. stomata

14. Auxins cause a plant to respond to light (phototropism)

15. Auxines produced in the apical meristem inhibit the growth of lateral buds. If the apical meristem is cut off the plant gets bushier. auxins

16. The brain is the body’s main processing center. It consists of three major parts: Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. The capacity for learning, memory, perception, and intellectual function resides in the cerebrum Cerebellum: The cerebellum regulates balance, posture, and movement Brain stem: Regulates vital functions, such as heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature, homeostasis, and sleep. SC.L.14.26: parts of the brain

17. The frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes are part of the cerebrum. parts of the brain

18. The Brain stem is made up of the Midbrain, Pons and the Medulla oblongata.

19. Blood pressure Blood volume Resistance Disease Exercise. SC.L.14.36: Factors that affect blood flow through the circulatory system

20. The human cardiovascular system is made up of: Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins and Capillaries Blood: Red blood cells, white blood cells and plateles The Heart Together function to transport materials (nutrients and oxygen), remove wastes (carbon dioxide) , and distribute heat. Blood vessels allow for the movement of blood to all cells in the body. The pumping action of the heart, however, is needed to provide enough pressure to move blood throughout the body. The heart is made up mostly of cardiac muscle tissue, which contracts to pump blood. Red blood cells carry oxygen. White blood cells fight infection and disease. Platelets help clot the blood and stop bleeding in a wound.

21. A diet high in cholesterol causes a disease known as atherosclerosis. Blood vessels become less elastic, which can lead to high blood pressure. atherosclerosis

22. The fatty material is deposited in arteries. If a coronary artery is blocked by a blood clot is causes a heart attack, and if blockage is at the brain it causes a stroke.

23. Diabetes is one of the many medical conditions that slow down blood flow. In diabetes, there is an elevated level of sugar in the blood. This increase in glucose causes the blood to be viscous or thicker causing the flow to decrease. Smoking causes vessels to constrict which increases blood flow through the body A diet high in salt retains water which increases blood volume and the blood pressure increases. If arteries lose their elasticity and become more rigid, blood pressure increases.

24. The body uses both Nonspecific immune response (INBORN): Do not target specific pathogens Specific immune response(ADQUIRED): Combat specific invading pathogens To detect and destroy pathogens, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of infection. LINES OF DEFENSE 1. Barrier to infections: Skin, sweat, mucus (nonspecific) 2. Inflammatory response: Blood flow to the infection site increases, white blood cells attack and kill pathogens, special proteins kill or inhibit pathogen, the body temperature increases. (nonspecific) 3. Immune Response (specific) : Four main kinds of white blood cells participate in the immune response: macrophages ( consume pathogens) cytotoxic T cells (attack and kill infected cells) B cells (make antibodies) Helper T cells (grow and divide, producing more helper T cells) SC.L.14.52: Basic Function of the Human inmune system

25. Vaccines are medications that are designed to stimulate the body's immune system to generate a response that will protect the individual from disease caused by the pathogen in question Antibiotics are used to treat foreign pathogens Vaccines and antibiotics