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Understanding Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a chronic infectious disease primarily affecting the lungs but can impact other systems, including the CNS, lymphatic system, and bones. Symptoms include chronic cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. TB is transmitted mainly via aerosols and can be multi-drug resistant (MDR-TB). Diagnosis is made through clinical samples, PPD tests, and X-rays. Treatment options include first and second-line anti-TB drugs and BCG vaccination. World TB Day is observed on March 24.

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Understanding Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

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  1. Tuberculosis Ivan Štironja Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat

  2. John Henry Doc Holliday René Laënnec Immanuel Kant Florence Nightingale • Honoré de Balzac • Alber Camus • Franz Kafka • Voltaire • Frederic Chopin • Niccolò Paganini • Alexander Graham Bell "Captain among these Men of Death" (John Bunyon 1660)White DeathWhite PlagueConsumptionTuberculosis...

  3. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Gram positive, obligate aeorobe,facultative intracellular pathogens Slow-growing- generation time 12-18 hours Hydrophobic with high lipid content in cell wall "acid-fast bacilli“ transmission primarily by aerosol route but also through gastrointestinal tract

  4. MDR-TB (Multi-drug resistanttuberculosis): bacteria resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin • HIV/AIDS

  5. granulomatous inflammatory disease caused by mycobacteria, usually attacks the lungs (pulmonary tuberculosis – 75%), but can also affect: • CNS • lymphatic system • circulatory system • genitourinary system • gastrointestinal system • bones (Pott’s disease) and skin • tubercle (Lat. tuber-knot) – granuloma made of macrophages, T-lymphocytes , B-lymphocytes and fibroblasts surrounding the central caseous necrosis

  6. Symptoms • chronic cough • blood-tinged sputum • fever • night sweats • weight loss • weakness or fatigue

  7. Diagnosis • identification of the causative organism in a clinical sample (sputum) • PPD test (Mantoux tuberculin test) • X-rays

  8. Treatment • BCG vaccination (Baccillus Calmette-Guérin) • first-line anti-TB drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide • second-line anti-TB drugs: rifabutin, ethionamhide • long-term treatment

  9. World TB day - March 24 • 15 billion US$

  10. References • Patologija, Damjanov, Jukić, Nola, Med. naklada, Zagreb,2008. • Medicinska bakteriologija i mikologija, Kalenić, Mlinarić-Missoni i sur., Zagreb, 2005. • internet

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