WELCOME to Microbiology!

1. WELCOME to Microbiology! (Biology 2240) Instructor: Dr. Dana Nayduch TEXT:Foundations in Microbiology, 7th edition, K.P. Talaro

2. Microbiology • The study of of organisms too small to be seen without magnification

3. Evolutionary timeline

4. Branches of study within microbiology • Immunology • Public health microbiology & epidemiology • Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology • Biotechnology • Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA technology

5. Microbes are involved in • nutrient production & energy flow • Decomposition • production of foods, drugs & vaccines • Bioremediation • causing disease (pathogens)

6. Role of microbes in ENERGY and NUTRIENT flow Energy flow and nutrient production: Photosynthesis sunlight + CO2 sugar (energy) + O2 Decomposition and nutrient recycling: Affects content of atmosphere, soil and water

7. Human use of microorganisms

8. Impact of pathogens • Pathogens = disease producing organisms • Infectious diseases = caused my microbes • Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases • 10 B infections/year worldwide • 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide

9. Top causes of death (US vs. Worldwide)

10. Worldwide infectious disease statistics

11. Characteristics of microbes

12. microorganisms

13. *Also, helminths

14. History of Microbiology

15. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek • First to observe living microbes • his single-lens magnified up to 300X • “Animalcules” (1632-1723)

16. Leeuwenhoek’s simple microscope

17. Robert Hooke • Contemporary/ collaborator of Leeuwenhoek • Developed the compound microscope (Ch. 3) • Wrote “Micrographia” on observations

18. Scientific Method • Form a hypothesis - a ___________________ that can be supported or refuted by observation & experimentation  predictions • A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis & testing either supports or refutes the hypothesis. • Results must be published & repeated by other investigators.

21. If ___________ is supported by a growing body of evidence & survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence - it becomes a theory • Evidence of a __________ is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached - it becomes a ___________ ___________________

22. Spontaneous generation Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter. (flies from manure, etc) ___________ vs. ____________

24. Air/dust source of microbes

25. Louis Pasteur • Showed microbes caused fermentation & spoilage • Disproved spontaneous generation of m.o. • Developed a rabies vaccine. • . (1822-1895)

26. Robert Koch • Established a sequence of experimental steps to show that a specific microbe causes a particular disease. “__________________” • Developed pure culture methods. • Identified cause of anthrax, TB, & cholera. (1843-1910)

27. FIRST DEMONSTRATION OF BACTERIAL DISEASE: 1876- Robert Koch • Anthrax; Bacillus anthracis; (Gr., coal)-refers to the "black" blood in killed, diseased animals • cattle and sheep graze in infected pastures • anthrax spores (resistant form of bacteria) are in soil  enter bloodstream via mucosal abrasions • Animals are very ill, weak, swollen, have black, bloody discharges • Animal dies and is buried  earthworms pick up spores and carry them to the surface dirt animals graze in infected pastures, etc. • CONTROL: bury animals at a depth of at least 6 feet (no earthworms this deep)

28. Koch’s postulates • The suspected microorganism is present in every case of the disease and absent from healthy animals. • 2. One must isolate and grow the microorganism in pure culture. • 3. Injection (infection) of a healthy host with the microorganism in pure cultures must cause disease. • 4. One must be able to isolate the microorganism from the new host.

29. Germ theory of disease (really a law ?) Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc. High impact on practice of medicine, public health.

30. Other important contributions to microbiology • John Tyndall, Ferdinand Cohn – heat-resistant bacterial endospores • Joseph Lister – Aseptic techniques (in medical setting) • Aseptic techniques employed by microbiologist  prevent contamination of cultures and lab.

31. Microbial evolution and classification

32. Evolution- living things change gradually over millions of years • Changes favoring survival are retained & less beneficial changes are lost. • All new species originate from preexisting species. • Evolution usually progresses toward greater complexity. • Closely related organism have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms. Relatedness = Phylogeny; phylogeny used to create taxonomy

33. _____________ - system for organizing, classifying & naming living thingsTaxa: • Domain - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya • Kingdom – 5 or 6 • Phylum (proto, animals) or Division (bacteria, algae, plants, fungi) • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species

34. 3 domains • _____________ -true bacteria, peptidoglycan • _____________–odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc. NOT older than bacteria. • _____________ have a nucleus, & organelles

35. Kingdoms (Whittaker system)Which contain microbes? • __________ (Eubacteria and archaebacteria) • __________(single celled; algae, protozoa) • __________(myceteae) – single or multi-celled • __________– (microscopic larvae; invertebrates such as helminths, arthropods) • __________ • NOTE: no viruses – not “alive”; _____________ .

36. Sample taxonomy

37. Naming micoorganisms • Binomial (scientific) nomenclature • Gives each microbe 2 names • Genus - noun, always capitalized • species - adjective, lowercase • Both italicized or underlined • Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) • Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) • Escherichia coli (E. coli)

40. Chapter 2 The chemistry of Biology

41. Fundamental Building Blocks • ____________ - all materials that occupy space & have mass (mass=amt. of matter) • Matter is composed of atoms • ____________– simplest form of matter not divisible into simpler substances without losing its properties • composed of protons, neutrons, & electrons

42. Models of atoms

43. ____________– atoms that differ in numbers of protons (atomic number)

45. ____________= # electrons in outermost shell

47. Molecules & Bonds • ____________– distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms (O2, N2) • ____________– molecule with 2 or more different elements (H2O, CO2, NaCl) • ____________– when 2 or more atoms share, donate or accept electrons. • 3 types: covalent, ionic, & hydrogen

48. 3 Types of Chemical Bonds • ____________ bonds – electrons are shared among atoms • polar covalent bonds– unequal sharing • nonpolar covalent bonds– equal sharing • ____________bonds – electrons are transferred to one atom forming positively charged cations & negatively charged anions • ____________bonds – weak bonds between hydrogen & other atoms

49. 3 Types of Chemical Bonds

50. Covalent bonds See web Video