INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT DISTILLERY & WINERY EFFLUENT

1. INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENTDISTILLERY & WINERY EFFLUENT

2. DEFINITIONS Effluent - Liquid waste discharge that flows to drain or treatment system Dunder - Residue that remains after rum distillation or removing wine supernatant Bottoms - Residue resulting from clarification of fermented grape wine Aeration - Applying air to media

3. DEFINITIONS CONT’D Clarifying - Allow solids to settle or remove after flocculation BOD - Biological Oxygen Demand – amount of oxygen required to sustain viability of aerobic organisms to degrade the available organic matter COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand – the level of oxidizable organic matter present, which is determined by chemical analysis.

4. DEFINITIONS CONT’D Biodegradation- Using microorganism and/or biochemical agents to breakdown organic matter. Biodigester - System/reactor that facilitates the use of bioagents (microbe/biochemical) to breakdown organic matter

5. WASTE FROM FERMENTATION • Every fermentation process utilizes raw materials which are converted to product. • Waste materials are produced during or at the end of the process. • The typical fermentation waste contains:- • Unconsumed inorganic and organic media components • Microbial cells and other suspended solids

6. FERMENTATION WASTE CONT’D • Other effluent components generated from the overall operations are: • Wash water from rinsing operations. • Wash water with traces of acid and/or alkali agents as a result of • cleaning and sanitizing activities. • In many cases wash water contains suspended solids like filter aid • fining agents and carbon • Normally, fermentation effluent do not contain toxic materials which • directly affect the aquatic flora or fauna. The effluent, however, contains high level of organic matter which are readily oxidized by • microorganisms and thus drastically deplete the dissolved oxygen • concentration.

7. DISSOLVED OXYGEN Oxygen concentration should be at least 90% of the saturation concentration at the ambient temperature and salinity of the water Dissolved oxygen is critical for the sustainment and of aquatic life

8. DISPOSITION OF EFFLUENT • If the effluent is not utilized by the manufacturer, it is usually • disposed using one or more of several common methods:- • Discharged to land, river or sea in an untreated state; • Disposed in a landfill site or it is incinerated • Partially treated on site (eg. lagooning) prior to further • treatment or disposal; • Part treated, part untreated; • All the effluent treated by a biodegrading process on or • offsite.

9. LAGOON (OXIDATION POND) • This technology for effluent treatment is usually employed • by seasonal industries like distilleries • The design usually involves an enclosed water-tight • embankment about 1-2m deep. The system can be left as • is, without mechanized aeration. However, for rapid • processing (as done at Appleton Estate) a mechanized • aerator is installed in the lagoon to provide continuous • aeration for the effluent

10. SPRAY IRRIGATION In some cases, liquid waste can be applied directly to land as irrigation water. They are considered to be fertilizers if they provide a net increase of nutrient level (macro/trace element) in the soil; If this method of disposal is to be used, then it is necessary to have large area of land near the manufacturing plant, in an area of low to medium rainfall This is the synergy between the sugar cane agronomic activity and the rum distillery/fermentation operation. In the case of Appleton Estate, the liquid waste is pre-treated by the lagoon system prior to spraying on the land.

11. DISPOSAL VIA SEWAGE PLANT • Factors to consider before sending industrial effluent to a • sewage plant • The capacity of the plant to cope with the estimated effluent • volume. • Possible interruption of the normal function of the plant. • Ensure there are no compound present that will pass through • the plant unchanged, then cause problems when discharged • into a watercourse. • Determine whether pre-treatment is required to minimize • negative effect on the sewage plant.

12. TREATMENT PROCESS FOR EFFLUENT DERIVED FROM RUMAND WINE INDUSTRIES • Fermentation waste may be treated by the following • methods:- • Physical Treatment • Chemical Treatment • Biological Treatment

13. PHYSICAL TREATMENT This treatment can be independent, but the result is amplified when it occurs in conjunction with chemical or biological treatment. The common physical processes are: sedimentation, filtration and centrifugation The major benefits are reduction in organic matter level thus BOD level; increased ease to process liquid waste; and increased ability to recover components of the fermentation waste for recycling purpose.

14. CHEMICAL TREATMENT • The most common chemical processing for treating • fermented liquid waste are coagulation and flocculation. • The former is instantaneous, while the latter requires more • time and gentle agitation to achieve aggregation of the • particles. • Some coagulating agents are: Fe(II) or Fe(III) sulphate, • aluminium sulphate (alum) and calcium hydroxide (lime). • The coagulant is added to the effluent in a mixing tank, that is • designed to remove the supernatant and the sludge • independently

15. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Most organic waste material may be degraded biologically. This process may be achieved aerobically or anaerobically, in a number of ways. Locally, Wray & Nephew has adopted aerobic processes for treating fermented liquid waste. The distilleries utilizes aerated lagoon system described early, while the Winery utilizes aerobic digesters and sewage treatment system. The digesters are reactor chambers equipped with perforated airlines. Air is supplied continuously by mechanized blowers.

16. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT CONT’D The organic matter is degraded by aerobic microorganisms found in the activated sludge, as well as by the action of commercial inocula. At JWN this pre-treatment process takes approximately seven (7) days, and thereafter the waste is sent to the sewage plant for further oxidation and degradation.The pretreated waste is Sent to the sewage plant at a pre-determined rate.

17. SEWAGE PLANT OPERATIONS • Modern sewage plant has the following chambers and components:- • Receiving chamber with skimmer • Oxidation chambers • Clarifying chamber for settling flocs • Chlorination chamber designed to give appropriate retention time • Return sludge chamber (to collect and remove sludge) • Perforated airlines in oxidation, receiving and return sludge chambers • Surface skimmers to remove floating flocs in clarifying chamber • Eductor to remove settled solids from clarifying chamber • Filter (send bed) optional

18. MONITORING EFFLUENT QUALITY Effluent quality is monitored by determining its level of chemical and biological composition. Some of the major parameters monitored are: pH  Sulphate  Copper BOD  Zinc  Lead COD  Iron Total Coliform TDS  Phosphate  Faecal Coliform TSS  Nitrogen (NO3-, NO2-, NH3-) Chlorine These tests are usually done at certified laboratories.

19. OTHER WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS Other fermentation systems to treat industrial waste include: • Anaerobic treatment, whose design and size is dependent on the amount of available waste for treatment and the source of the waste. • Solid state fermentation, suited for plant waste, kitchen waste, solid agro-processing waste, animal droppings and carcasses.

20. ANAEROBIC TREATMENT Benefits • No air required, hence very low/no energy input • One of the principal by-product is methane, which is a major energy source • A wide range of waste can be treated via this process Disadvantages • High initial capital input • Slow process that does not readily kill pathogens • Large amount of waste to dispose when cleaning system

21. SOLID STATE FERMENTATION • Also called composting • Can be done under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but more useful when the processing is done aerobically • At the industrial scale, aeration is done using a positive ventilation system • Fermentation is completed within 3-5 days and pathogenic organisms are killed • Small scale/back yard process is oftentimes anaerobic or air is supplied through special design