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Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Protista. red algae. “dinoflagellates” various toxicities, red tides. “slime nets” in “Kingdom Chromista”. plasmodial slime molds. “amoebas” (a polyphyletic taxon), e.g., amoebic dysentery (a.k.a., amebiasis— Entamoeba histolytica ). “flagelates” e.g., giardiasis,

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Kingdom Protista

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  1. Kingdom Protista red algae “dinoflagellates” various toxicities, red tides “slime nets” in “Kingdom Chromista” plasmodial slime molds “amoebas” (a polyphyletic taxon), e.g., amoebic dysentery (a.k.a., amebiasis— Entamoeba histolytica) “flagelates” e.g., giardiasis, African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease golden algae microsporidia (vertebrate intracllular parasite—AIDS super- infection) cellular slime molds fish parasites e.g., malaria a.k.a., spironemids, various heterotrophic flagellates parasites of invertebrates “ciliates” e.g., Balantidium coli Irish potato famine green alge brown alge

  2. Protista Characteristics • Five-Kingdom System vs. Three-Domain System • Paraphyletic (in 5ks) • Mostly Aerobic, Motile, Aquatic • Mostly Heterotrophic (also Auto- & Mixotrophs) • Engulfers vs. Adsorbers vs. Algae (autotrophs) • “Algae” is a Polyphyletic taxon • Endomembranes, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Etc. • Asexual vs. Sexual with no Mitosis in Diploid state vs. Alternation of Generation • Benthic vs. Planktonic • Important Predators (heterotrophic engulfers) • Important Producers (the algae, various kinds)

  3. Jumble of Names • Rhizopoda (amoebas; polyphyletic) (5ks Protista) • Diplomonadida (Giardia lamblia, Archaezoa*; flagellates*) (5ks Protista) • Parabasala* (Trichomonas vaginalis*, Archaezoa*; flagellate*) (5ks Protista) • Euglenozoa (Euglenoids, Kinetoplastids, Trypanosoma*, Archaezoa*; flagellates*) (5ks Protista) • Alveolata (some flagellates*, i.e, dinoflagellates; apicomplexans & ciliates) (5ks Protista) • Stramenopila (water molds, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae) (5ks Protista) • Rhodophyta (red algae) (5ks Protista) • Chlorophyta (green algae, Viridiplantae*) (5ks Protista) • Mycetozoa (slime molds, Myxogastrida, Dictyostelida) (5ks Protista)

  4. Protist Diversity Paramecium Malaria Kelp Giardia

  5. Some of the new terms that you are responsible for (in red): • Rhizopoda (amoebas; polyphyletic) (5ks Protista) • Diplomonadida (Giardia lamblia, Archaezoa*; flagellates*) (5ks Protista) • Parabasala* (Trichomonas vaginalis*, Archaezoa*; flagellate*) (5ks Protista) • Euglenozoa (Euglenoids, Kinetoplastids, Trypanosoma*, Archaezoa*; flagellates*) (5ks Protista) • Alveolata (some flagellates*, i.e, dinoflagellates; apicomplexans & ciliates) (5ks Protista) • Stramenopila (water molds, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae) (5ks Protista) • Rhodophyta (red algae) (5ks Protista) • Chlorophyta (green algae, Viridiplantae*) (5ks Protista) • Mycetozoa (slime molds, Myxogastrida, Dictyostelida) (5ks Protista) Quickie Review

  6. Early Protist Diversification

  7. Modern Protist Diversity Plus Additional Amoeba

  8. Amoeba proteus Rhizopoda

  9. ingested epithelial cell trophozoite second epithelial cell Trophozoites engulfing detached epithelial cells Parasitology Today Vol. 3, 117 Entamoeba histolytica

  10. Foraminifera Forams Notice the gigantic size of this single cell! The pseudopodia (food-collecting appendages) of this specimen form an elaborate network extending several millimeters from the cell body. The pseudopodial network (technically called a "reticulopodium") provides the organism with a wide foraging range. The reticulopodium also furnishes a tremendous surface area for the absorption of dissolved nutrients. The species shown here reinforces its pseudopods with tough, sticky, elastic cables that allow it to capture small crustaceans and the juveniles of larger invertebrates such as sea urchins and starfish. It is quite an amazing feat for a single cell to exploit such a wide range of nutrients -- from dissolved organic material to multicellular creatures several times its own size. Such dietary flexibility is undoubtedly an important part of the foraminiferal success strategy.

  11. Protist Diversity

  12. Giardia lamblia Diplomonadida

  13. Protist Diversity

  14. Trichomonas vaginalis Parabasala

  15. Protist Diversity

  16. Euglena Euglenoid -- Euglenophyta

  17. Protist Diversity

  18. Trypanosoma brucei(African Sleeping Sickness—spread by Tsetse flies)

  19. Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas’ Disease—spread by kissing bugs) Kinetoplastids

  20. Protist Diversity

  21. Dinoflagellata Dinoflagellates

  22. Protist Diversity

  23. Plasmodium (Malaria)  sporozoites Apicomplexa (sporozoans) oocyst merozoites zygote gametes gametocytes

  24. Protist Diversity

  25. Ciliate (Paramecium) Ciliophora

  26. Tetrahymena spp.

  27. Balantidium coli Ciliophora

  28. Protist Diversity

  29. Water Mold Oomycota Note Unusual (for protists) 2n Mitosis

  30. Protist Diversity

  31. Diatoms Bacillariophyta

  32. Protist Diversity

  33. Golden Algae Chrysophyta

  34. Protist Diversity

  35. Brown Algae (e.g., Kelp) Phaeophyta

  36. Seaweed Thallus

  37. Laminaria = Heteromorphic Phaeophyta

  38. Protist Diversity

  39. Red Algae Rhodophyta

  40. Endosymbiosis

  41. Secondary Endosymbiosis

  42. Tertiary Endosymbiosis

  43. Tertiary Endosymbiosis

  44. Protist Diversity

  45. Chlamydomonas (unicellular) Chlorophyta

  46. Ulva = Isomorphic Chlorophyta

  47. Protist Diversity

  48. Pseudopods

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