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Phylum Sphenophyta (Horsetails)

Block 7 April 2009. Phylum Sphenophyta (Horsetails). Jennifer Baldwin – Product Representative Lauren Cox – Text Research and Development Danielle David – Image Research and Development Liz Fredrickson – Technical Support. Phylum Sphenophyta. Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic Era

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Phylum Sphenophyta (Horsetails)

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  1. Block 7 April 2009 Phylum Sphenophyta(Horsetails) Jennifer Baldwin – Product Representative Lauren Cox – Text Research and Development Danielle David – Image Research and Development Liz Fredrickson – Technical Support

  2. Phylum Sphenophyta • Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic Era • Genus name is Equisetum. • Found in swamp forests (coal-forming) and low land areas without standing water. • Microhabitat: Most prefer moist habitats but some are found in dry habitats.

  3. Long-Term Changes • Structure: Body plan has not changed much over the past 300 million years. • Reproduction: Alternation of Generations. Spores are produced and they form cones on the fertile stem. Then they germinate forming plants • Antheridia and Archegonia produce sperm and eggs on the plant.

  4. Alteration of Generations (Male) (Female)

  5. Morphology

  6. Morphology

  7. Fertilization • The fertilization of the egg and its subsequent development produces the horsetail plant (the asexual generation.) • Sperm reaches the eggs using water droplets. • The few species that live in dry climates, reproduce sexually during brief periods of heavy rain. • Considered amphibians of plant community because they haven’t fully escaped the aquatic habitats of their ancestors.

  8. Dependency • Sporophyte doesn’t remain attached to gametophyte. • Sporophytes has true vascular tissues and is the larger, longer lived phase of the life cycle.

  9. Pictures

  10. Habitats • Moist Environments • Damp roadsides • Stream bank mud • Vacant lots • Other disrupted habitats

  11. Diversity • 15 known species of Sphenophyta • 10 species found in Canada • 6 species are transcontinental (but do NOT occur in the high arctic) • May be considered weeds

  12. Benefits to Humans • Humans use the silica-encrusted stems of these species for cleaning and sanding. • Also used to hone woodwind reeds. • Common horsetail has been reported poisonous to livestock in Canada

  13. Bibliography • plant. ( 2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April  6,  2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://search.eb.com/eb/article-66078 • http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2003/plant.jpg • Biology Textbook • http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003848

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