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Designing and Analyzing Questionnaires

Designing and Analyzing Questionnaires. Dr. Gene Education Institute. Purpose of Questionnaires. Questionnaires are the most common data collection methods used in research. They can be used to assess: Attitudes Opinions Interests Values. Advantages and Disadvantages. Advantages

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Designing and Analyzing Questionnaires

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  1. Designing and AnalyzingQuestionnaires Dr. Gene Education Institute

  2. Purpose of Questionnaires Questionnaires are the most common data collection methods used in research. They can be used to assess: • Attitudes • Opinions • Interests • Values

  3. Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages • Can assess a large group quickly • Easy to analyze if constructed correctly Disadvantages • Requires “good” language skills • Some people give answers they think you want • Not very good for getting in-depth information

  4. Types of Questionnaires Structured • Respondents select a response from those given Unstructured • Respondents create a response Combination • Contains structured and unstructured items

  5. Sample StructuredQuestionnaire Why did you choose teaching as a career? Tick each reason that applies to you. ___ I like working with children. ___ The pay is better than most jobs. ___ I can help my country and society. ___ It is a safe profession for women.

  6. Sample UnstructuredQuestionnaire Why did you choose teaching as a career? In the space below give the reasons why you chose to become a teacher.

  7. Types of Questions • Closed questions Choices are provided to the respondents • Open questions Respondents must create responses • Demographic questions Questions about the characteristics of the respondents

  8. Types of Closed Questions • Dichotomous Questions (2 choices) • Yes/No • Agree/Disagree Do you think a paper recycling program should be started in your school? Yes No

  9. Types of Closed Questions • Multiple-choice Questions • Give respondents options • May ask for single or multiple answers Example: How did you hear about our Website? ___ Newspaper ___ Magazine ___ Radio ___ Internet ___ Other: Please specify __________

  10. Types of Closed Questions • Rank Order Questions • Respondents place things in order Example: Which activities do you like to do in your spare time? Place a “1” next to the activity that you like to do most, a “2” by the next favorite, and so on to the least favorite. ___ Watch TV ___ Read ___ Visit friends ___ Surf the Internet ___ Shop

  11. Types of Closed Questions • Rating Scale (Semantic Differential) • Also called a “Likert Scale” • Give a statement; choose your response along a scale Example: My students are motivated to learn.

  12. Open Questions • Used to explore topics in-depth • Gives people a chance to respond in detail • They are time-consuming to summarize and analyze

  13. Types of Open Questions • Open-ended Questions Example: What changes would you like to see in our science class? • Stem Plus Questions Example: Some things I would like to see change in our science class are _________________

  14. Demographic Questions • Demographic questions may ask about personal characteristics such as -- • age • grade • ethnicity • gender • home characteristics

  15. Types of Scales • 2-level (yes/no; agree/disagree) • 3-level (yes/no/not sure) • 5-level (Likert scale – Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree, Strongly Disagree) • Larger scales are difficult to analyze

  16. Effects of Scales The police need to do a better job of enforcing traffic laws. 2-level 2-level 3-level

  17. Effects of Scales The police need to do a better job of enforcing traffic laws. 5-level

  18. Problems to Avoid in Writing Questions Leading Questions (Loaded Questions or Biased Questions) Examples: Don’t you agree that discipline is a major problem in this school? Do you believe it is all right to spank young children despite the SEC recommendations not to do so?

  19. Problems to Avoid in Writing Questions Double-Barreled Questions (asking two things in one question) Examples: Did this class increase your interest in science and motivate you to study hard? Do you agree that pay is low for teachers and that the government should be working hard to increase it?

  20. Problems to Avoid in Writing Questions Unclear or ambiguous questions Examples: What do you think about school? What role should the principal play in educating students?

  21. Problems to Avoid in Writing Questions Halo Effect (questions that link a position to a particular person or group) Examples: Do you agree with the Emir that research should be one of the top priorities of Qatar? Qatar Petroleum wants the Independent Schools to do a better job of teaching science so that students are prepared for the workplace. Would you agree?

  22. Problems to Avoid in Writing Questions Invasive questions about personal information Examples: Do you ever argue with your parents? What are the major problems in your home?

  23. Tips for Creating Good Questionnaires Know your audience • Make sure that the length, content, and wording matches the intended audience • Keep questions clear and concise • Avoid technical wording

  24. Tips for Creating Good Questionnaires Be certain of your goals • Before you start writing questions, be clear in your own mind what you want to find out

  25. Tips for Creating Good Questionnaires Make the directions and format clear and easy to follow • Put your directions and demographic questions at the beginning of the questionnaire. • If possible, read and explain the directions orally

  26. Tips for Creating Good Questionnaires Try the questionnaire out before you use it • Find a similar group that is not in your study. • Ask them to read the questionnaire and tell you if something is not clear. • Revise your questions based on the information you get from your tryouts.

  27. Tips for Creating Good Questionnaires Don’t ask too many questions • Keep your questionnaire short and to the point • People get tired and lose interest on long questionnaires so the responses you get toward the end may not be valid.

  28. Ways to Deliver Questionnaires • Paper-pencil/face-to-face • Mail or take home • Telephone • Online delivery and analysis

  29. Ways to Analyze The Results of a Structure Questionnaire Summarize the percentages for each question Students should be required to wear uniforms to school.

  30. Ways to Analyze The Results of a Structure Questionnaire Calculate the mean (average) for each item. Students should be required to wear uniforms to school.

  31. Ways to Analyze The Results of a Structured Questionnaire Calculate the mean (average) for each item. 20 x 5 = 100 340 / 100 = 3.4 40 x 4 = 160 10 x 3 = 30 20 x 2 = 20 10 x 1 = 10 340 Strongly Strongly Diagree Disagree 5 4 3 2 1 3.4

  32. Ways to Analyze The Results of an Unstructured Questionnaire • Summarize the comments • Look for patterns or themes that run through the comments • Give percentages for major themes

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