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Chapter 4 analyzing work and designing jobs

Chapter 4 analyzing work and designing jobs. Fundamentals of human resource management 5 th edition By R.A. Noe, J.R. Hollenbeck, B. Gerhart, and P.M. Wright. Need to Know. Elements of work flow analysis and how work flow is related to an organization ’ s structure.

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Chapter 4 analyzing work and designing jobs

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  1. Chapter 4 analyzing work and designing jobs Fundamentals of human resource management 5theditionBy R.A. Noe, J.R. Hollenbeck, B. Gerhart, and P.M. Wright

  2. Need to Know • Elements of work flow analysis and how work flow is related to an organization’s structure. • How to obtain information for a job analysis. • Elements and trends in job analysis and their significance in HRM. • Methods for designing a job so that it can be done efficiently and motivating. • How organizations apply ergonomics to design safe jobs and plan for mental demands of a job. 4-2

  3. Work Flow In Organizations 4-3

  4. Figure 4.1: Developing a Work Flow Analysis 4-4

  5. Work Flow Design andOrganization’s Structure Within an organization, units and individuals must cooperate to create outputs. The organization’s structure brings together people who must collaborate to efficiently produce desired outputs. • Centralized • Decentralized • Functional • Product or Customer 4-5

  6. Firefighters work as a team. • They and their equipment are the inputs and the output is an extinguished fire and the rescue of people and pets. • In any organization or team, workers need to be cross- trained in several skills to create an effective team. 4-6

  7. Job Analysis Process of getting detailed information about jobs. 4-7

  8. Job Descriptions • Job Description: a list of tasks, duties, and responsibilities (TDRs) that a particular job entails. • Key components: • Job Title • Brief description of the TDRs • List of the essential duties with detailed specifications of the tasks involved in carrying out each duty 4-8

  9. Figure 4.2: Sample Job Description 4-9

  10. Job Specifications Job Specification: list of knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAO needed to perform a particular job). • Knowledge: factual or procedural information necessary for successfully performing a task. • Skill: an individual’s level of proficiency at performing a particular task. • Ability: a general enduring capability that an individual possesses. • Other Characteristics: job-related licensing, certifications, or personality traits. 4-10

  11. Figure 4.3: Sample Job Specifications 4-11

  12. Sources of Job Information 4-12

  13. 4-13

  14. Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) What is it? Key sections: • A standardized job analysis questionnaire containing 194 questions about work behaviors, work conditions, and job characteristics that apply to a wide variety of jobs. • Information input • Mental processes • Work output • Relationships with other persons • Job context • Other characteristics 4-14

  15. Fleishman Job Analysis System What is it? Categories of abilities: • Job analysis technique that asks subject-matter experts to evaluate a job in terms of the abilities required to perform the job. • Written comprehension • Deductive reasoning • Manual dexterity • Stamina • Originality 4-15

  16. Figure 4.4: Example of an Ability from Fleishman Job Analysis System 4-16

  17. Importance of Job Analysis • Job analysis is so important to HR managers that it has been called the building block of all HRM functions. • Almost every HRM program requires some type of information determined by job analysis. • Work redesign • HR planning • Selection • Training • Performance appraisal • Career planning • Job evaluation 4-17

  18. Table 4.1: competency model 4-18

  19. Trends in Job Analysis Organizations are being viewed as a field of work needing to be done, rather than as a set series of jobs held by individuals. “Dejobbing” –designing work by project rather than jobs. 4-19

  20. Job Design • Job Design:the process of defining how work will be performed and what tasks will be required in a given job. • Job Redesign: a similar process that involves changing an existing job design. • To design jobs effectively, a person must thoroughly understand: • job itself (through job analysis) and • its place in the units work flow (work flow analysis) 4-20

  21. Figure 4.5: Approaches to Job Design 4-21

  22. Designing Efficient Jobs • Industrial Engineering:study of jobs to find simplest way to structure work to maximize efficiency. • Reduces complexity of work. • Allows almost anyone to be trained quickly and easily perform the job. • Used for highly specialized and repetitive jobs. 4-22

  23. Designing Jobs That Motivate: The Job Characteristics Model • Skill variety – extent to which a job requires a variety of skills to carry out tasks involved. • Task identity – degree to which a job requires completing a “whole” piece of work from beginning to end. • Task significance – extent to which the job has an important impact on lives of other people. 4-23

  24. Designing Jobs that Motivate:Job Characteristics Model • Autonomy – degree to which the job allows an individual to make decisions about the way work will be carried out. • Feedback - extent to which a person receives clear information about performance effectiveness from the work itself. 4-24

  25. Figure 4.6: Characteristics of a Motivating Job 4-25

  26. Designing Jobs That Motivate Job Enlargement 4-26

  27. Designing Jobs That Motivate Job Enrichment Self-Managing Work Teams • Empowering workers by adding more decision-making authority to jobs. • Based on Herzberg’s theory of motivation. • Individuals motivated more by intrinsic aspects of work. • Have authority for an entire work process or segment • Team members motivated by autonomy, skill variety, and task identity. 4-27

  28. Test Your Knowledge • Adding more tasks to an existing job is called ____________, while adding more decision- making authority to jobs is called _________. • Job extension; job rotation • Job rotation; job enrichment • Job enlargement; job enrichment • Job enlargement; job rotation 4-28

  29. Designing Jobs That Motivate Flexible Work Schedules Flextime Job Sharing • A scheduling policy in which full-time employees may choose starting and ending times within guidelines specified by the organization. • A work schedule that allows time for community and family interests can be extremely motivating. • A work option in which two part-time employees carry out the tasks associated with a single job. • Enables an organization to attract or retain valued employees who want more time to attend school or take care of family matters. 4-29

  30. Figure 4.7: Alternatives to 8-to-5 Job 4-30

  31. Designing Jobs That Motivate Telework Telework – the broad term for doing one’s work away from a centrally located office. • Advantages to employers include: • less need for office space • greater flexibility to employees with special needs • Easiest to implement for managerial, professional, or sales jobs. • Difficult to set up for manufacturing workers. 4-31

  32. Designing Ergonomic Jobs Ergonomics – study of interface between individuals’ physiology and characteristics of physical work environment. • Goal is to minimize physical strain on the worker by structuring physical work environment around the way the human body works. • Redesigning work to make it more worker- friendly can lead to increased efficiencies. 4-32

  33. Although employers in all industries are supposed to protect workers under the OSHA “general duty” clause, nursing homes, grocery stores, and poultry- processing plants are the only three industries for which OSHA has published ergonomic standards. 4-33

  34. Designing Jobs That Meet Mental Capabilities and Limitations • Work is designed to reduce information- processing requirements of the job. • Workers may be less likely to make mistakes or have accidents. • Simpler jobs may be less motivating. • Technology tools may be distracting employees from their primary task resulting in increased mistakes and accidents. 4-34

  35. Ways to Simplify a Job’s Mental Demands • Limit amount of information and memorization that the job requires. • Organizations can provide: • adequate lighting • easy-to-read gauges and displays • simple-to-operate equipment • clear instructions 4-35

  36. Summary Work flow analysis identifies: • amount and quality of a work unit’s outputs • work processes required to produce these outputs • inputs used to carry out processes and produce outputs • Within an organization, units and individuals must cooperate to create outputs, and organization’s structure brings people together for this purpose. • Job analysis is the process of getting detailed information about jobs. 4-36

  37. Summary • Job analysis includes preparation of • Job descriptions • Job specifications • Information for analyzing an existing job often comes from incumbents and their supervisors. • The U.S. Department of Labor provides information: • Dictionary of Occupational Titles • Occupational Information Network (O*NET) 4-37

  38. Summary • The nature of work and job design is changing. • Viewing organizations in terms of a field of work needing to be done instead of specific job descriptions • Organizations are adopting project-based structures and teamwork, which also require flexibility and ability to handle broad responsibilities. • The basic technique for designing efficient jobs is industrial engineering. 4-38

  39. Summary • According to the Job Characteristics Model, jobs are more motivating if they have greater skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. • Ways to create such jobs include: • Job Enlargement • Job Rotation • Job Enrichment • Self-managing work teams offer greater skill variety and task identity • Flexible work schedules and telework offer greater autonomy 4-39

  40. Summary • Goal of ergonomics is to minimize physical strain on the worker by structuring the physical work environment around the way the human body works Employers may seek to reduce the mental as well as physical strain and reduce errors and accidents. • Job design may limit amount of information and memorization involved. • Technology tools may actually cause more distractions, errors, and accidents. 4-40

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