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Understanding Probability and Heredity: Key Concepts and Applications

This guide explores critical principles of probability and heredity, focusing on predicting outcomes in genetic traits and random events like coin tosses. Discover how to calculate the probability of events, such as the likelihood of getting heads or tails when tossing a coin multiple times. We’ll also examine concepts like independence of events, genotype and phenotype definitions, and the use of Punnett squares to visualize genetic combinations. This comprehensive overview enhances your understanding of how probability influences both mathematics and genetics.

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Understanding Probability and Heredity: Key Concepts and Applications

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  1. Probability & Heredity Power notes for section 4-2

  2. What’s the chance? • Suppose you were to toss a coin 20 times. Predict how many times the coin would land with heads up and how many times it would land with tails up?

  3. 2. Principles of Probability • Probability = to predict the results of a particular event • Probability is # that describes how likely an event will occur What is the chance of getting head?

  4. 3. Mathematics of Probability • Since there are only 2 ways a coin can land you say there is a 1 in 2 chance of it landing heads up or tails up. • Also written: • ½ • 50%

  5. 3. Independence of Event • If you toss a coin 5 times and each time it lands heads up. What would you expect to find if you tossed it again? • Answer: There is still a 50% or a 1 in 2 chance of getting heads. • Why: Each event occurs independently of each other

  6. Vocabulary nb page 23 • Phenotype: Physical appearance of a trait • Genotype: Genetic make up of a trait • Homozygous- has the same alleles for a trait • 2 dominant or 2 recessive alleles • Heterozygous- has different alleles for a trait • 1 dominant and 1 recessive allele

  7. 3. Punnett Squares • Is a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross. T t T T T t T T t t t t

  8. 3. Prediction Probabilities

  9. Pedigree Chart A chart used to show phenotypes of genetically related family members

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