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Evolution of Independence Movements in Latin America: 1776-1820

This chapter explores the revolutionary movements across Latin America from 1776 to 1820, highlighting key events in British America, France, Haiti, Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. It delves into Enlightenment ideas, socio-political issues, and the struggle against colonial authority. Central figures like Toussaint L'Ouverture, Miguel de Hidalgo, and Simón Bolívar emerge as pivotal leaders. The chapter also examines constitutional development, the fight for economic freedom, and the social ramifications following independence, including the emergence of caudillos and the impact of the Monroe Doctrine.

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Evolution of Independence Movements in Latin America: 1776-1820

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  1. Chapter 25 Revolution and Independence in Latin America

  2. Where did Revolutions happen?(1776-1820) • British America • France • St. Domingue/Haiti • Mexico • Venezuela • Brazil • Argentina/Chile • Enlightenment Ideas • Issues over Taxation • Lack of colonial political influence/authority

  3. Goals of Revolutionary Movements • Develop representative governments • Gain economic freedom (individual and National) • Establish individual rights and privileges • End slavery and the slave trade (done by 1854)

  4. Haiti • Jointly owned by Spain and France • 500,000 African slave and a couple thousand Whites • ToussaintL’Ouverture • Led a successful slave uprising • Stops Napoleon's world domination • How is this different than America and France • Not based on enlightenment • This was slaves having their own ideas about change • Scary

  5. Mexico Augustín de Iturbide: Ended the Mexican War of Independence 1824, collapse of new state Miguel de Hidalgo 1810 Rebellion, alliance with Indians and mestizos

  6. Mexico Continued • Internal Problems • Poverty • Class division • Political divisions • Early Nationalist Efforts • Led by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (caudillo) • Mexican-American War • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo • Reforma • Led by Benito Juarez • Becomes dictator • Liberal reform: fails • European involvement

  7. Other Spanish Colonies • Argentina • Jose de San martin • Liberator of Spanish S. America • By 1825 all of Spanish South America is independent • Venezuela • Simon Bolivar • Creole, visionary, liberator, revolutionary • Lead the independence movement

  8. Other Spanish Colonies • Brazil • Napoleon’s invasion of Portugal forces royal family to flee • Brazil becomes political seat of Portuguese empire • Independence gained after royal family returns • No significant political changes

  9. Common Trends During Independence Movements • Caudillos: Strong military leaders • Represented a variety of social classes • Centralists: supported creation of strong centralized national government • Federalists: supported creation of strong regional governments • Liberals: supports of individual rights, typically more secular • Conservatives: wanted a strong central state • Maintain aspects of colonial society (class structure) • Typically more non-secular

  10. Monroe Doctrine • is a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. • It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.

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