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Introduction to Science 10

Introduction to Science 10. What is science?. Brainstorm: What is science?. What is science?. Science is the study (or way of looking at) the natural (or “not made by humans”) world around us.

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Introduction to Science 10

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  1. Introduction to Science 10

  2. What is science? • Brainstorm: What is science?

  3. What is science? • Science is the study (or way of looking at) the natural (or “not made by humans”) world around us. • There are many different types of science, including biology (the study of life), chemistry (the study of matter) and physics (the study of matter & energy, and the interaction between them)

  4. Science 10Unit 1: Sustainability of EcosystemsAnticipation Guide for Science 10

  5. What is an ecosystem? • An ecosystem includes all organisms in an area that interact with each other and with their environment of energy and matter. • In other words, all plants, animals, bacteria, fungus, etc. in an area interact and connect with each other AND with the environment.

  6. Examples of Ecosystems • Swamps & marshes • Freshwater lakes, ponds & streams • Saltwater lakes & coastal ocean • Temperate forests • Highland forests Unit Overview with Youtube Song

  7. Key Concepts • The Sun is the ultimate source of energy for most ecosystems • Light energy from the Sun is converted by plants into chemical energy • Energy is channelled through the food chains

  8. Assignment 1: You and Food Chains • Complete the handout and submit to your teacher

  9. Student Guide • Introduction: The Importance of Respect • Explanation of how student guide will be assessed • Work on Check Your Understanding (pg 2) • Did not do this as of yet!!!!

  10. Definitions Define the following terms: • Herbivore • Carnivore • Omnivore • Trophic level • Primary producer • Primary consumer • Secondary consumer • Tertiary consumer • Decomposers

  11. Assignment 3: Food Webs • Create a food web

  12. Questions • Check Your Understanding; pg 7; #1-5

  13. Food Pyramids • Food chains are often too simplistic and do not provide a completely accurate picture of an ecosystem. A better way to look at the ecosystem is to make use of food pyramids. • There are three types of food pyramids: • Pyramid of Numbers • Pyramid of Biomass • Pyramid of Energy (the best!)

  14. Pyramid of Numbers: Where do these organisms fit?

  15. 1-2 top carnivores Thousands or millions of producers

  16. What is a pyramid of numbers? • A pyramid of numbers shows that in most ecosystems, there are more producers than herbivores (or primary consumers) and more herbivores than carnivores (secondary and teritary consumers). • But, this is not true for all ecosystems. • Let’s take a look at the ecosystem within a single oak tree:

  17. Looks unstable... But it’s not!!!!

  18. Pyramid of Biomass • A pyramid of numbers does not take into account the size of the organism, just the number. • A better way of looking at an ecosystem is to use a pyramid of biomass. Biomass means how much mass (or weight) is at each level.

  19. But, still some problems..

  20. Pyramid of Energy • The best type of pyramid is a pyramid of energy. • A pyramid of energy flow measures the total amount of food energy that flows through each trophic (or feeding) level. • Basically, there is always less energy available for each level as you go UP the pyramid. • Also, it is impossible to turn a pyramid of energy upside down.

  21. Pyramid of Energy of Flow

  22. What does a pyramid of energy show? • Probably the most important thing to understand about a food pyramid is that only about 10% of the energy makes it from one level to the next. • Why does this happen? Energy is lost because of a variety of reasons, including: • Movement • Digestion • Thinking • Growing • Reproduction

  23. Questions • Check Your Understanding • Pg 17; #1-5 OR FINISH FOOD WEBS!!!

  24. Assignment #4 • Work on Bioaccumulation: The DDT Story

  25. What is primary productivity? • Primary productivity is the average amount of new plant material (or biomass) that is added to an ecosystem per year. • Primary productivity is measured as the amount of energy per square metre per year (or kJ/m2/year) • The most productive ecosystems include rain forests and salt marshes, while the least productive would be deserts.

  26. How do plants make food? What goes in? What goes out? sugar

  27. How do plants make food? • All green plants & seaweed make food using a process called photosynthesis • Photosynthesis is a process used by plants to convert (or change) light energy from the sun into sugar. This sugar is used by the plants for energy. • These sugars are made from water and carbon dioxide (CO2). Oxygen is released as a waste gas. • Photosynthesis provides oxygen to the atmosphere and supplies most of the energy for life on Earth.

  28. Photosynthesis Reaction Equation • A chemical called chlorophyll makes this reaction possible. Chlorophyll gives leaves a green colour. • The photosynthesis equation is probably the most important reaction for all life on Earth!!!

  29. Simplified Photosynthesis Equation These go into the plant cells. These come out of the plant cells.

  30. Primary Productivity of Various Ecosystems The most productive ecosystems are salt marshes, swamps and tropical rain forests. The least productive ecosystems are the tundra, open ocean and deserts.

  31. Global Primary Productivity ARCTIC TEMPERATEFOREST DESERT RAINFOREST ARCTIC

  32. What do plants need to grow?

  33. What are humans supplying to these plants?

  34. Nice rain forest....NOT!!!

  35. How many people can Earth support? • Read the article • Keep in mind that the Sun can only provide the Earth with so much energy. And, the Earth only has so much usable land. • BTW, Earth grows 4.2 million hectares of tobacco compared to 3.7 million hectares of tomatoes. Is this a good use of land?

  36. Examples of Populations • A group of birch trees living on a hill • A colony of 2,146 ants • All of the spruce trees in a forest • All of the cod fish in the Bras d’Or Lake • Frogs living in a pond

  37. What is a population? • A population is a group of organisms of the same type (or same species) living in the same area. • A population is usually the actual number of individuals in an area that are all the same type.

  38. What is the population?

  39. What makes a population get bigger in number? • More births than deaths • Moving into an area from somewhere else • Lots of food & water • No disease • Good weather

  40. What makes a population get smaller in number? • More deaths than births • Moving out of an area • Disease & sickness • Severe weather, droughts & storms • Starvation or lack of food

  41. Can any population keep growing forever? • NO!!! The largest population that an environment can support is called the carrying capacity. • For example, a forest ecosystem may only be able support a few dozen deer.

  42. What might limit the numbers of a population? • Materials & energy (sunlight, water, fertilizer, etc.) • Food chains (the amount of food lower in the food chain) • Competition (between same species or different species) • Overcrowding (leading to not enough space, disease, less births, more deaths, etc.) • Natural disasters (such as forest fires, storms)

  43. Define the following words(Pgs 18-20 & glossary) • Natality • Mortality • Population size • Population density • Immigration • Emigration • Intraspecific competition • Interspecific competition

  44. Answer these questions • What is meant by the term “carrying capacity”? • How might overcrowding lead to a reduction in population size? • How might an increase in population of plants in an area lead to an increase in the population of hawks? • How might an increase in the population of hawks in an area lead to an increase in the population of plants?

  45. Assg 5: Googles & Gaggles • Work on the activity in class • This is an in-class assignment worth 10 points • You will be evaluated on how well you work and on getting some good numbers!!

  46. Cycles of Life What are nutrients? Nutrients are chemicals used by organisms (plants, animals, fungus, bacteria) to operate their bodies. Nutrients include non-living nutrients (oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, minerals). Organic (or “living nutrients”) include carbohydrates, fats & proteins. What is a nutrient cycle? A nutrient cycle is the cycling (or recycling) or a nutrients through the environment.

  47. The Carbon Cycle What is carbon? Carbon is the key chemical or element upon which all life is based. Carbon is one of the most important chemicals in all living things. What is the carbon cycle? Simply put, plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air during photosynthesis and make carbohydrates (or sugars). Animals and other consumers then eat the carbohydrates for energy and growth. Also, animals give off carbon dioxide in their breath (as a waste gas). And the cycle continues. Video

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