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Understanding Basic Chemistry: Matter, Elements, Compounds, and Biochemistry Overview

Discover the fundamentals of basic chemistry with concepts like matter, atoms, elements, compounds, and biochemistry. Explore organic and inorganic compounds, macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and their building blocks.

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Understanding Basic Chemistry: Matter, Elements, Compounds, and Biochemistry Overview

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  1. Basic Chemistry Chapter 2

  2. Matter- • Has mass, occupies space • Ex) rocks, water, people, air • Mass-a measure of matter (weight measures only gravity)

  3. Atom- • Basic unit of matter • Consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons

  4. Elements- • All the different atoms • In a neutral atom, the # of electrons = the # of protons http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/

  5. Compounds • 2 or more elements joined by bonds • Ex) H2O • 2 types of bonds: • Ionic-electrons are transferred • Covalent-electrons are shared

  6. Mixtures- • Combined substances, no bonds • 3 types • Solution • Suspension • Colloid

  7. Solutions- • Ex) Kool-aid • One part is dissolved in another • Solute-mix and sugar • Solvent-water • Aqueous solutions have water as the solvent

  8. Suspensions- • Particles settle over time • Ex) Italian dressing, sand in water

  9. Colloid- • Particles do not settle over time • Ex) ameba’s cytoplasm

  10. Acids vs Bases • The pH scale measures whether a mixture is acidic or basic. • 0-6 is an acidic solution • 7 is a neutral solution • 8-14 is a basic solution • Indicators are used to test pH.

  11. Common acids and bases • The pH of a cell or its environment must be in a suitable range for life to be sustained.

  12. Ch 2 Group Questions • 1. State how mass and weight differ. • 2. Draw an atom of oxygen. Include the correct # of protons, neutrons, and electrons. • 3. Draw the corresponding square of the periodic table for the element oxygen. Label each of the numbers. • 4. Sketch a model of the pH scale. Label what values represent neutral, basic, and acidic.

  13. Biochemistry Ch 2 con’t

  14. Organic Contains carbon are derived from living things Ex)carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, alcohol Inorganic Generally derived from non-living things Anything without carbon Ex) water Organic vs Inorganic Compounds

  15. Monomer A single unit One A building block Polymer A chain of linked units many several monomers Large polymers are also called macromolecules Monomer vs Polymer

  16. 4 essential organic macromolecules

  17. 1. Carbohydrates • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 • Monosaccharides=simple sugars • Ex) glucose • Disaccharides=double sugars • Ex) Glucose + galactose = lactose • Polysaccharides=complex sugars (starches) • Ex) glycogen, starch, cellulose

  18. Monomer is to polymer as monosaccharide (simple sugar) is to polysaccharide (starch)

  19. 2. Lipids • Made of lots of hydrogen and carbon and just a little oxygen • Monomers are called fatty acids • They do not dissolve in water! • Therefore they are good components of cell membranes

  20. 3 types of lipids: • Triglycerides • Fats • Oils • Waxes • Steriods

  21. Fatty acid is to lipid as monomer is to polymer.

  22. 3. Proteins • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and NITROGEN • Monomers are called amino acids • Skin and muscle cells are made of proteins

  23. Enzymes-an important protein • Enzymes are catalysts-they speed up reaction times • Enzymes react with a certain substrate like a lock and key • Enzymes require certain temperatures and pH to be most effective

  24. Amino acid is to protein as monomer is to polymer

  25. 4. Nucleic Acids • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus • Monomers are called nucleotides • Very complex molecules responsible for all hereditary information • Ex) DNA and RNA

  26. Each nucleotide contains: • A phosphate group • A sugar molecule with 5 carbon atoms • A nitrogen containing base

  27. Nucleotides are to nucleic acids as monomers are to polymers.

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