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Discover the fundamentals of basic chemistry with concepts like matter, atoms, elements, compounds, and biochemistry. Explore organic and inorganic compounds, macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and their building blocks.
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Basic Chemistry Chapter 2
Matter- • Has mass, occupies space • Ex) rocks, water, people, air • Mass-a measure of matter (weight measures only gravity)
Atom- • Basic unit of matter • Consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Elements- • All the different atoms • In a neutral atom, the # of electrons = the # of protons http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/
Compounds • 2 or more elements joined by bonds • Ex) H2O • 2 types of bonds: • Ionic-electrons are transferred • Covalent-electrons are shared
Mixtures- • Combined substances, no bonds • 3 types • Solution • Suspension • Colloid
Solutions- • Ex) Kool-aid • One part is dissolved in another • Solute-mix and sugar • Solvent-water • Aqueous solutions have water as the solvent
Suspensions- • Particles settle over time • Ex) Italian dressing, sand in water
Colloid- • Particles do not settle over time • Ex) ameba’s cytoplasm
Acids vs Bases • The pH scale measures whether a mixture is acidic or basic. • 0-6 is an acidic solution • 7 is a neutral solution • 8-14 is a basic solution • Indicators are used to test pH.
Common acids and bases • The pH of a cell or its environment must be in a suitable range for life to be sustained.
Ch 2 Group Questions • 1. State how mass and weight differ. • 2. Draw an atom of oxygen. Include the correct # of protons, neutrons, and electrons. • 3. Draw the corresponding square of the periodic table for the element oxygen. Label each of the numbers. • 4. Sketch a model of the pH scale. Label what values represent neutral, basic, and acidic.
Biochemistry Ch 2 con’t
Organic Contains carbon are derived from living things Ex)carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, alcohol Inorganic Generally derived from non-living things Anything without carbon Ex) water Organic vs Inorganic Compounds
Monomer A single unit One A building block Polymer A chain of linked units many several monomers Large polymers are also called macromolecules Monomer vs Polymer
1. Carbohydrates • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 • Monosaccharides=simple sugars • Ex) glucose • Disaccharides=double sugars • Ex) Glucose + galactose = lactose • Polysaccharides=complex sugars (starches) • Ex) glycogen, starch, cellulose
Monomer is to polymer as monosaccharide (simple sugar) is to polysaccharide (starch)
2. Lipids • Made of lots of hydrogen and carbon and just a little oxygen • Monomers are called fatty acids • They do not dissolve in water! • Therefore they are good components of cell membranes
3 types of lipids: • Triglycerides • Fats • Oils • Waxes • Steriods
3. Proteins • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and NITROGEN • Monomers are called amino acids • Skin and muscle cells are made of proteins
Enzymes-an important protein • Enzymes are catalysts-they speed up reaction times • Enzymes react with a certain substrate like a lock and key • Enzymes require certain temperatures and pH to be most effective
4. Nucleic Acids • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus • Monomers are called nucleotides • Very complex molecules responsible for all hereditary information • Ex) DNA and RNA
Each nucleotide contains: • A phosphate group • A sugar molecule with 5 carbon atoms • A nitrogen containing base
Nucleotides are to nucleic acids as monomers are to polymers.