1 / 16

The Spread of Islam

Following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE, Islam rapidly spread under the leadership of the "Rightly Guided" Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. They expanded the Muslim state across Arabia and into territories like Syria and Egypt, driven by fervent faith and disciplined armies. However, internal conflicts emerged, culminating in the rise of the Umayyad and later Abbasid Caliphates. Despite their initial successes and a flourishing trade network across the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean, the Abbasids struggled to maintain control as rival states emerged, demonstrating the dynamic and complex history of early Islamic expansion.

palmer
Télécharger la présentation

The Spread of Islam

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Spread of Islam

  2. I. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam • 632: Muh. Died • Abu Bakr chosen as successor • Caliph = “successor of the Prophet”

  3. A. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs • Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, & Ali • All knew Muh. • Rule = caliphate • Abu Bakr promised to uphold what Muh. stood for • Some abandoned Islam • “jihad” (striving in the path of God) • Islam expanded • 634: Abu Bakr died & Muslim state controlled all of Arabia

  4. Umar (2nd caliph) • Conquered Syria & lower Egypt

  5. Uthman & Ali cont’d to expand Muslim territory • 750: stretched 6,000 mi.

  6. Arab policy toward conquered peoples made conquests easier • More tolerant than other conquerors • Christians & Jews converted or paid tribute • w/in 100 yrs. of Muh’s death

  7. Attempt to take Const. failed • 711: Berbers (N.Af followers) invaded Spain led by Tariq (against Visigoths) • Jabal Tariq (“Mtn. of Tariq”) • Spain = easy conquest • 732: Battle of Tours • Stopped advance of Moors into Euro.

  8. B. Reasons for Success • 1. Victories = Allah’s support • Great inspiration & morale from faith • 2. Muslim armies were well-disciplined & commanded • 3. people were persecuted under Byz. rule

  9. II. Internal Conflict Creates Crisis • 656: Uthman was murdered (civil war) • Ali (Muh’s cousin & son-in-law) became next caliph • 661: Muawiya (Uthman’s cousin) • Accused Ali of protecting Uthman’s assassins • Ali & Muawiya went to war • Ali was assassinated (Muawiya took power)

  10. Umayyads came to power • Moved Muslim capital to Damascus • Helped control conquered lands • Abandoned the “simple” life…surrounded themselves w/wealth • Helped give rise to a division in the umma

  11. A. Division in the Umma • Most accepted Umayyads’ rule • Shi’at Ali (“party of Ali”) (Shi’a) • caliph (imam) had to be descendent of the Prophet Muh. • 10% of Umma • Sunni • 90% of Umma • Est. in 661 (Muawiya)

  12. 750: rebels overthrew Umayyads • Abbasids took control

  13. III. Islamic Control Spreads • Abbasids murdered Umayyads • Abd al-Rahman escaped to Spain to est. a caliphate • Spain = conquered by Muslims (N.Af) • 732: Muslims advanced w/in 200 mi. of Paris – stopped at Battle of Tours

  14. A. Abbasids Consolidate Power • 762: capital moved to Baghdad • Trade routes • Developed strong bureaucracy • Treasury • Army • Diplomats • Supported by taxes

  15. B. Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands • Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) • Failed to maintain control • Independent Muslim states sprang up • Fatimid caliphate • Formed by Shi’a • Claimed descent from Muh’s daughter Fatima • Fatimids & smaller states were still connected thru religion, language, & trade

  16. C. Muslim Trade Network • Med. Sea & Indian Ocean • Engaged in sea trade w/world • Silk Roads • Single language

More Related